-
AAD :
-
Automatic Activation Device; a "fail-safe" device (eg: CYPRES,
ASTRA, Sentinel) that senses the parachutist's altitude and rate
of descent, and is designed to mechanically activate the reserve
parachute at graduated preset intervals of elapsed time, excess
velocity, or altitude minimum, if the skydiver does not disengage
or deactivate it during normal descent.
-
A/C :
-
The abbreviation for aircraft; any machine or device, including
airplanes, helicopters, gliders, dirigible, that's capable of
atmospheric flight. Also referred to as "jump plane" or "jump
ship". Parachutes and other airfoils are not classified as
aircraft.
-
accuracy :
-
Accuracy landings of varying difficulty, from 20 meters to 2
meters, are required for USPA license advancements; also known as
"precision landing" or "precision jumping". A competitive event
in which a skydiver attempts to land on (or as close to) an
established target from a designated release point; in national
competition, gradations are measured in centimeters.
-
aerobatics :
-
The skill maneuvers essential for controlled aerial movement
during a skydiver's descent; the mastery of which is required for
Relative Work (RW), and a prerequisite for USPA license
advancements. A competitive event in which a skydiver performs a
prearranged sequence of maneuvers within a stipulated time
period; also known as freestyle or "style" competition. A feat or
stunt displaying a person's skill, dexterity, or daring during
aerial descent.
-
AFF :
-
Accelerated Free Fall, also called "harness hold"; being one of
the Instructor Assisted Deployment (IAD) techniques. An AFF
student is trained in freefall techniques and landings by
accompanied jumps with a qualified jumpmaster on actual descents
lasting 20 to 40 seconds or longer, as opposed to static line
training; also known as "Accelerated Skydiving Program" (ASP).
-
AGL :
-
Above Ground Level. Altitudes are calculated in reference to
either "ground level" or "sea level"; but skydivers always use
AGL when referring to jump altitude.
-
airborne :
-
A military force carried to the battlefield in gliders or by
parachute from aircraft; abbreviated "ABN".
-
airborne shuffle :
-
A gliding walk, without lifting the feet, toward the exit of an
aircraft in flight, when the JUMPMASTER directs the paratroopers
to jump above the drop zone (DZ); this sliding gait is used to
improve security and sustain balance on an unstable cargo DECK,
and to avoid tripping or stumbling during the crucial interval
between hookup and departure. Also, slang for the moderately
paced jog that's performed as a routine part of daily exercise.
Also, informal expression, by extension of the jogging formation,
for the tempo when an individual hurries his walking pace or
slows from a running pace; to scuff, shamble, or scramble.
-
airfoil :
-
Any surface, as a wing or stabilizer, designed to aid in lifting
or controlling an airborne body or craft, by making use of the
air currents through which it moves.
-
airhead :
-
The secure initial position of an airborne assault, used for
further advancement and resupply; a tactical foothold established
by vertical assault.
-
airspeed :
-
The forward speed of an object relative to the air through which
it is flying; commonly used in reference to canopies, airfoils,
or aircraft.
-
alteration :
-
Any change or modification to any part of the parachute assembly
from its original manufacturer's specifications that might
appreciably affect weight, structural strength, performance,
flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting
airworthiness; not the result of repair.
-
altimeter :
-
An aneroid or radio barometer used to ascertain altitude.
-
angel :
-
Slang for altitude expressed in thousands of feet above ground
level (AGL).
-
angle of attack :
-
The acute angle between the chord of an airfoil or wing and the
direction of airflow. The angle at which the wing or airfoil is
presented to the apparent wind; with square parachutes this
changes when the brakes are applied.
-
angle of incidence :
-
The angle at which a canopy or airfoil is trimmed to glide
through the air.
-
apparent wind :
-
The wind perceived by an observer.
-
apron :
-
The cleared area, usually paved, near an airfield's buildings,
hangars, and airstrips where planes are parked for the loading of
personnel and cargo; may also be used as a staging or maintenance
area. Also called a "ramp".
-
arch :
-
A neutral body position of hips thrust and back bent so the
shoulders and knees are level, with head up and arms back, that
skydivers use to orient themselves toward the relative wind.
-
artistic events :
-
Competitive skydiving events that include freestyle skydiving,
freeflying, and skysurfing; also known as aerobatics.
-
ascending parachute :
-
A parachute capable of upward and lateral movement, as well as
descent, as a result of the wind or air pressure directed at the
canopy or airfoil from a portable device by the suspended
parachutist. Due to its pilotage, the ascending parachute could
be classified as a type of ultralight aircraft.
-
ASP :
-
Accelerated Skydiving Program; a form of AFF practiced in the
Southwestern USA that includes two tandem jumps and an enhanced
version of the USPA AFF syllabus.
-
aspect ratio :
-
The ratio of a square canopy's width (side to side) to breadth
(front to back). Seven cell canopies typically have an aspect
ratio of about 2.2 to one, while nine cell canopies are usually
between 2.8 and 3.0 to one.
-
ASTRA :
-
A "fail-safe" AAD made by FXC Corporation.
-
auger :
-
To land at unsurvivable speed; also called "bounce", "pancake",
"frap", "hammered", and "go in".
-
auxiliary :
-
Synonym for a reserve parachute, especially on a tandem harness.
-
backslide :
-
To move backward in freefall relative to a fixed or neutral
reference; usually caused by poor body position, and often
unintended and undesired.
-
backwash :
-
The portion of the wash of an aircraft that flows to the rear.
-
bag :
-
The deployment bag in which the canopy is packed, that helps to
ensure proper release and helps to prevent abrasion; sometimes
called a "sleeve" or "pack sack".
-
bag lock :
-
A malfunction of a deployed parachute where the canopy remains in
the deployment bag.
-
base :
-
The core around which a freefall formation of skydivers is built;
can be a single person or a group of people, depending on the
shape of the formation and the number of skydivers involved.
-
BASE jump :
-
A parachute jump made from a fixed object instead of an aircraft;
the acronym represents these objects, such as a Building, Antenna
(tower), (bridge) Span, or Earth (cliff), and includes tethered
balloon jumps.
-
belly-band / bellyband :
-
An additional harness strap crossing the jumper's abdomen that is
typically found on older para-rigs, or emplaced on student rigs
for gripping with the "harness hold" method of AFF. Also may be
used as a pilot chute pouch location for throw-out deployments.
-
birdman :
-
An aviator, or anyone associated with aircraft or flying; also
known as pilot, jet jock, airdale, zoomie, and rotor head.
-
black hat :
-
A black-colored baseball-style cap worn by US Army Infantry
school instructors of airborne techniques. Similar cap affixed
with "winged torch" device adopted by US Army Pathfinders.
-
blow-out :
-
The abrupt failure of a canopy panel or cell, which is most often
due to excessive wing loading, but may also result from wind
gusts, inclement weather, penetration by foreign object or
falling body, fabric abrasion or fatigue. A blow-out can cause
the entire canopy to fail as a decelerator.
-
blue skies :
-
A salutation or valediction among sport parachutists and
freefallers, based upon a civilian interpretation of appropriate
conditions for jumping. Military parachutists jump at night, in
foul weather, and with field or combat gear, so they prefer the
safer "clear skies"!
-
BOC :
-
Bottom Of Container; refers to the location of the pilot chute,
normally secured in a Spandex pouch, for hand deployment; as
opposed to belly (belly-band) or leg (ROL) mounted, and much less
vulnerable for the bridle.
-
body position :
-
Ones freefall body posture; also called "attitude". Variations in
body position (eg: track, delta, frog, de-arch, box man, spread
eagle, funnel) make the wide range of freefall maneuvers
possible.
-
boogie :
-
A gathering of skydivers, usually focused on fun rather than
competition. Major drop zones host several boogies each year,
often on long holiday weekends.
-
bounce :
-
To land at unsurvivable speed; also called "auger", "pancake",
"frap", "hammered", and "go in".
-
box man :
-
A neutral, face-to-earth body position in which the arms form
right angles at shoulder and elbow, and the legs are spread at
about 45 degrees from the long axis and bent 45 degrees at the
knees. Generally considered the ideal position for formation
skydiving.
-
brakes :
-
The brake lines of the square canopy are synonymous with steering
lines. When used together, they slow the parachute; and when used
independently, they result in a turn.
-
brake turn / braked turn :
-
An open canopy turn that reduces altitude loss, by first slowing
forward speed and then, by adjusting the steering toggles,
allowing one side of the canopy to fly slightly faster, which
effect will change the parachute's heading. Such a prolongation
of turns and traverses can be dramatic when performed in
sequence, as by a club or at a boogie.
-
breakaway :
-
Alternate term for "cut-away"; usage discouraged, since it may be
confused with 'break off'.
-
break off / break-off :
-
To interrupt, discontinue, or cease formation skydiving prior to
chute deployment by tracking away from the formation; not the
same as "breakaway". Also refers to the pre-arranged altitude,
called "break off altitude", at which skydivers disconnect their
formation and move to a clear space before canopy deployment.
Similarly refers to the pre-arranged altitude at which no other
incoming canopies can dock onto a CRW / CFS formation.
-
bridle :
-
Part of the deployment system, being the thin webbing strap or
tape running from the pilot chute to the top of the main canopy
or deployment bag.
-
BSR :
-
Basic Safety Requirements. BSRs are USPA guidelines, which are
regarded as excellent minimum safety standards, but lack the
force of law.
-
burble :
-
The area of turbulence behind an object (wash, wake, or backwash)
going through the air, whether a person in freefall or a canopy /
airfoil in flight.
-
call :
-
The time remaining until a stick can board the aircraft.
-
camber :
-
A convex arch; especially the rise of the curve of an airfoil,
usually expressed as a ratio of the curving rise to the length of
the airfoil's chord.
-
canopy :
-
A "deployable aerodynamic decelerator" constituting the principal
element of the parachute; the shaped construction of fabric and
suspension lines used to safely descend and land during
parachuting, often used in conjunction with a type reference (eg:
round, square, zero-p, main, or reserve).
-
canopy formation skydiving :
-
The term formerly known as "Canopy Relative Work" (CRW);
abbreviated as "CFS".
-
canopy relative work :
-
The term formerly used to describe "Canopy Formation Skydiving"
(CFS); abbreviated "CRW". The intentional maneuvering of two or
more open parachute canopies in proximity to or in contact with
one another during descent.
-
canopy release :
-
A device (ie: Capewell / Chrysalis / three ring release / clutch
release) which allows immediate separation of the
parachute risers and canopy from the harness.
-
cascade :
-
The point where two lines join together so they run smoothly into
one. Cascading the suspension lines results in reduced bulk and
drag.
-
cell :
-
A chordwise sectional pocket, similar in function to a panel, in
a parachute canopy. Square or ram-air canopies are composed of
pressurized cells, usually consisting of seven or nine cells.
Each cell consists of a load-bearing rib at each side to which
the suspension lines are attached. A third, non-load-bearing rib
runs down the middle of the cell. The cell is pressurized through
the opening (mouth) at the front, and also through cross ports in
the ribs. Adjacent cells share load-bearing ribs.
-
center point :
-
The basis point around which freefall movement takes place. In an
individual the center point is considered to be in the middle of
the torso. In a group, it is the base point that the formation
centers around.
-
CFS :
-
Canopy Formation Skydiving; formerly known as "Canopy Relative
Work" (CRW). CFS involves flying open canopies in close
formation, where the pilots grip each other's parachutes to form
patterns, often geometric.
-
chalk :
-
The file of airlift infantry which conforms to the size of
the transport aircraft, regardless of regular TO&E
assignment; as derived from temporary group assignment numbers
chalked onto the helicopter hulls.
-
chalk commander :
-
The qualified individual who is responsible for and in control of
the group of troops embarked under the same chalk number;
sometimes called "mother hen".
-
chalk number :
-
The number designating the transport carrier and its complete
load of men and materiel.
-
check of threes :
-
A pre-jump self-check of equipment that's performed in the
aircraft; including check of "three-ring" release system (or
other RSL) for correct assembly; check three points of harness
attachment for snap assembly or correct routing and adjustment;
check positioning of three operational handles -- main canopy
activation, cut-away, and reserve.
-
chord :
-
The longest front-to-back dimension, also called "chord line", of
a wing at any given point along the span; a straight line
connecting the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil section.
-
chute :
-
A parachute; to descend by parachute.
-
chute assis :
-
The French term for "sit flying", or the freefalling body
position of presenting one's seat to the relative wind.
-
chutist :
-
A parachutist.
-
cleared :
-
Designates the passage, by authorized signature(s), of any
qualified student to advancement, including supervised current
re-certification.
-
climb-out / climb out :
-
The positioning of a jumper(s) in or near the door, or on
protuberances or structures outside the aircraft in preparation
for either a "poised exit" or a group launch at the jump spot.
-
closing loop :
-
The small lace that, once threaded through the container eyelets
and locked with a closing pin, holds the container flaps closed
around the canopy until activation releases the retainer pin and
guided loop.
-
clutch :
-
Slang for the "cut-away release handle", which disconnects a
malfunctioned main canopy by the simultaneous release of the
riser connections to the harness. If either a reserve static line
(RSL) or a single operation system (SOS) is connected to the
clutch, then the jumper's reserve chute will be automatically
deployed; otherwise, once clear of the main, the reserve must be
initiated by the jumper. Also called "cut-away clutch".
-
coach :
-
A parachutist with some formal training in the art of instructing
freefall techniques; also known as "jumpmaster" and "monitor".
-
connector links :
-
The method of attaching the parachute's suspension lines to the
top of the risers; which are also known as "rapid links".
-
container :
-
The element of the parachute that houses the canopy and
attachments; more properly known as the "harness/container". This
element is designated "pack" by the FAA.
-
cork :
-
slang for the conspicuously rapid deceleration of a skydiver who
loses control during high speed formation freefall; to "pop up" /
"pop out" like a cork.
-
crabbing :
-
When a canopy moves crabwise; to fly a canopy at an angle to the
ambient wind, resulting in an oblique path across the ground that
is sideways as well as forwards.
-
creep :
-
To practice freefall formation sequences while laying prone on a
wheeled creeper in a level open area, such as on an armory floor
or a paved parking lot.
-
creeper :
-
A low torso-sized board, mounted on casters, used by mechanics
for easy access beneath or below objects, which may be used by
skydivers to simulate freefall formation maneuvers.
-
crew chief :
-
The senior crewmember who is responsible for the care and
maintenance of an aircraft; in the military, this duty is
differentiated from both loadmaster and jumpmaster.
-
crew dog :
-
Any aircraft crewmember.
-
critical angle :
-
The angle of attack at which a sudden change in airflow occurs
around the wings or other airfoil, reducing lift and increasing
drag; can result in a stall.
-
cross connectors :
-
Straps attached between the risers, from front to rear, as used
for canopy formation. These straps are intended to prevent the
docked jumper from sliding back up the lines, which is especially
important for plane formations. Also used with some reserve
static line (RSL) systems, where they are attached from side to
side to prevent premature reserve deployment when only one riser
is released.
-
cross ports / crossports :
-
Vent holes in the structural ribs of a cell that equalizes air
pressure by allowing air to flow from one cell to another.
-
crosswind :
-
A path perpendicular to the direction of the wind. Also, a
prevailing wind that crosses the direction of movement.
-
CRW :
-
Canopy Relative Work; now officially known as "Canopy Formation
Skydiving" (CFS). CRW involves flying open canopies in close
formation, where the pilots grip each other's parachutes to form
patterns, often geometric. Sometimes pronounced "CReW" as an
acronym instead of 'C R W' as separate letters.
-
cupid :
-
Slang for altitude expressed in hundreds of feet above ground
level (AGL).
-
current :
-
Sufficiently recent participation or practice in parachuting that
neither refreshment nor supervision is required for safe
conformance; any interruption in jumping of a year or more should
be renewed, if not formally re-certified, to bring skills up to
date.
-
cut-away / cut away :
-
The act of disconnecting or releasing the main parachute canopy;
also known as "breakaway". in the event of a total main canopy
malfunction, a parachutist must eliminate the obstruction before
deploying the reserve parachute, or the new canopy will become
entangled with the old, and the parachutist will fall to his
death. A cut-away is the standard emergency procedure implemented
prior to deploying the reserve chute. The manual method of
disconnecting the canopy risers from the harness at the Capewell
/ Chrysalis / three ring release junctures was superseded by a
simple clutch release system activated by pulling a handle. The
cut-away and reserve deployment sequence is linked in tandem
rigs. This method of canopy release is also used after landing if
ground speed is hazardous enough to drag the parachutist.
-
cut-away handle :
-
A handle, usually mounted on the harness, used to release both
main risers simultaneously; also known as the "clutch", "cut-away
release handle", or "single point release", and includes the
patented "three ring" release.
-
CYPRES :
-
A type of "fail-safe" AAD, made in Germany by AirTech; this is
the most common type, and the first modern design to be widely
adopted by expert skydivers.
-
data card :
-
A data card of basic information about the reserve parachute (ie:
type, serial number, date last packed, owner, etc.), which must
accompany every chute in each rig or deployment; also called
"packing data card".
-
dead spider :
-
Slang for de-arch.
-
de-arch :
-
To flatten out or reverse one's body position from the normal
arched box man; also known as "dead spider", "hump", "hollow",
and "cup". A de-arch results in a slower fall rate than an arch.
-
decision altitude :
-
The altitude at which a skydiver is trained to begin executing
emergency procedures; usually 2,500 feet AGL for students, 1,800
feet AGL for civilian skydivers, and 1,200 feet AGL for military
freefall parachutists.
-
delta :
-
A rigid, face-to-earth body position in which the entire body
resembles an acute isosceles triangle, with arms and legs
extended with the torso in a straight or level plane. The legs
are spread about shoulder width, with toes pointed. The arms may
be overhead, as in a swimmer's dive, or beside the torso, as in a
sailor's dive. This low-profile posture, which is also called
"arrow" or "dart", results in the most rapid descent possible for
a skydiver.
-
demonstration jump :
-
Any exhibition or performance jump made away from an established
drop zone (DZ) for the benefit of spectators; also called "demo".
-
deployment :
-
That operational interval, or portion of the parachute opening,
from the moment of container (or pilot chute) release to the
moment of suspension line stretch, but before the canopy fully
inflates.
-
deployment bag :
-
A sleeve that retains the parachute canopy until the suspension
lines have deployed; more commonly called a "bag" or "pack sack".
A pilot chute lifts the deployment bag away from the parachute
container so the suspension lines will extend in proper array
before the canopy emerges. This bag serves to control or regulate
the parachute's opening progression.
-
deployment system :
-
The components of the parachute that control deployment of the
canopy, including pilot chute, bridle, and bag.
-
diaper :
-
A type of deployment device consisting of a fabric panel, similar
to a slider, attached near the lower part of a canopy, which
prevents canopy inflation until full line stretch; used
frequently with round parachutes to reduce opening shock and
malfunctions.
-
dingleberry :
-
A gear bag or equipment pack that's released for suspension by a
tether or guy rope, called a "lowering line", from the harness of
a paratrooper after the canopy has properly deployed; also called
"dangleberry" or "dillberry". Just as the retaining straps on
weapons are released from the jumper's leg, likewise this kit bag
is let down so as not to injure or interfere with the paratrooper
executing a PLF.
-
dirt dive :
-
To rehearse a skydive on the ground by walking through the
positions and stations; usually preliminary to or instead of
creeping through the formation.
-
dive floater :
-
A skydiver who is inside the airplane in the exit line up, but
leaves prior to the base. This configuration only occurs on large
freefall formations.
-
dive loops :
-
Many advanced skydivers have modified their front risers by the
addition of "grab loops" to make it easier for them to grip the
front risers when steering; also called "blocks" or "front riser
loops".
-
diver :
-
A skydiver; a freefall parachutist.
-
diver exit :
-
Headlong departure from an aircraft without pre-positioning or
bracing to achieve a stable entry into the airstream; also called
"door exit".
-
dock :
-
To make controlled physical contact with another skydiver while
in freefall; or, when building canopy formations, with another
jumper's canopy.
-
door jam :
-
To practice exit procedures in the mock door of a simulator as
part of ground training, or in the door of a mocked-up aircraft
of a particular type prior to a formation skydive.
-
down plane :
-
A CRW/CFS formation with two canopies, both pointed toward the
ground. This can also occur with a single skydiver with both main
and reserve chutes deployed.
-
downwind :
-
In, on, or toward the direction the wind is blowing; or
positioned farther along the wind's path.
-
DRCP :
-
Dummy Rip-Cord Pull. In civilian static line training, the
student demonstrates self-deployment by simulating a rip-cord
pull from a stable body position before the main is automatically
released. Standard practice is to jump the student five times by
static line, with four successful DRCPs, before the student is
allowed to freefall solo for the first time. Also called
"practice deployment".
-
drogue :
-
A pilot parachute to extract the main parachute from its
container after the static line or rip-cord has opened the pack
sack.
-
drogue fall / droguefall :
-
In tandem skydiving, the portion of the descent where a drogue
has been deployed between freefall and main parachute deployment.
-
dropmaster :
-
An individual qualified to prepare, perform acceptance
inspection, load, lash, and eject material for airdrop. Also, an
aircrew member who, during parachute operations, will relay any
required information between pilot and jumpmaster.
-
drop zone :
-
The specified landing area for parachutists; commonly designated
"DZ", and also known as "pit" or "jump target". May also refer to
the place where parachute operations are conducted, such as a
large or commercial skydiving center.
-
dual assembly :
-
A two-canopy parachute system, also known as a tandem rig;
includes the main and reserve canopies, harness and container
system, and all other components.
-
Dytter :
-
A brand of audible altimeter.
-
DZ :
-
Drop Zone; the landing area for parachute delivery.
-
DZSO :
-
Drop Zone Safety Officer, who is the military equivalent of the
Safety and Training Adviser (S&TA), a certified examiner and
jumpmaster.
-
elliptical :
-
A wing or airfoil shape characterized by a tapering leading and
trailing edge so that the middle of the canopy is wider, front to
back, than the ends. This configuration is typical of many high
performance canopies.
-
emergency parachute :
-
An auxiliary, secondary, or backup parachute intended for
emergency use; packing is rigger certified.
-
end cell :
-
The farthest cell on a square canopy.
-
end cell closure :
-
Deflated end cell; a usually correctable opening problem.
-
equipment check :
-
A pre-jump inspection of the parachute with its elements and
attachments, such as a "pin check" on both the main and reserve
containers; by self-examination or by "buddy check". Students are
always checked on the ground by instructors or jumpmasters before
boarding the aircraft.
-
exhibition jump :
-
A display or demonstration jump performed for spectators at a
non-standard drop zone (DZ) for which the skydivers are
compensated or rewarded, or their organization benefits.
-
exit point :
-
That point on the ground over which the parachutist jumps from
the aircraft (spot), so as to land on the drop zone (DZ).
-
exit weight :
-
The total weight of the suited jumper and all equipment.
-
extraordinary skydive :
-
Any jump requiring special procedures or equipment, such as a
night jump, water landing, pre-planned cut-away jump, exit or
deployment above 15,000 ft MSL, exhibition jump, or the like.
-
F-111 :
-
A fabric common in mid range canopies; F-111 is slightly
permeable to air and wears faster than zero-p fabric. Pronounced
"F one eleven", like T-111 plywood simulating joinery.
-
FAA :
-
Federal Aviation Administration; the agency of the U.S.
government regulating aviation, including skydiving.
-
FAI :
-
Federation Aeronautique Internationale; the international
organization governing all air sports, including skydiving, and
certifying all aeronautic and aerospace records; functioning
through non-profit clubs in each country.
-
fall rate :
-
The speed at which a skydiver falls. The ability to match fall
rates is essential to successful formation skydiving; which is
accomplished with body position, jumpsuits, and weights.
-
FAR / FARs :
-
Federal Aviation Regulations, including Technical Standard Order
(TSO); the laws governing aviation, including skydiving, as
promulgated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
-
finger trap :
-
A method of installing a loop in a brake line without producing
rough spots on the lines, the finger trap is accomplished by
sliding one line into the other. The loop serves as a method of
setting brakes in the desired position for the parachute's
deployment.
-
flare :
-
The conversion of descent speed into momentary lift, as when
docking into formation or landing on the ground. The act of
pulling down the brakes of the canopy in order to slow its glide,
resulting in an increased angle of attack and reduced descent
rate. When properly performed prior to landing, this stall
results in an exceptionally soft landing. Also refers to a
membrane used to distribute the load of a parachute at the line
attachment points of some canopies.
-
flat delta :
-
The posture, in a horizontal plane, preliminary to tracking.
-
flat flying :
-
The primary freefall position of belly to earth; also known as
"belly flying".
-
flight bag :
-
A versatile carry-all or utility bag ("B4"), made with snap and
zip closure, reinforced bottom, and wrap-around strap-handles;
used for flight gear or paragear.
-
floater :
-
Skydivers who leave the airplane before the base on large
formation jumps must use a slow fall rate ("float") to allow the
base to merge with them. Floating also refers to an exit position
outside the airplane.
-
formation :
-
A freefall skydiving formation of more than one parachutist,
often geometric. May also refer to a flight of more than one jump
airplane.
-
formation skydiving :
-
The term formerly known as "Relative Work" (RW); abbreviated
"FS". Aerial maneuvers by two or more freefalling skydivers with
each other, usually to form geometric formations.
-
frap :
-
To land at unsurvivable speed; also called "auger", "bounce",
"pancake", "hammered", and "go in".
-
freefall :
-
Commonly called "skydiving", it is self-deployed, self-regulated,
and extremely versatile parachuting by use of various types of
parachutes, launching from various aircraft or BASE locations at
different altitudes. Freefall involves body position to
accomplish aerobatics and formations during descent, before and
after canopy deployment. Specialized forms include RW / FS, CRW /
CFS, freestyle, accuracy, HALO, HAHO, LALO, and MFF.
-
free-fly / free fly :
-
To exit unlinked with other jumpers.
-
free-flying / freeflying :
-
An unrestricted form of freefall style competition characterized
by varied presentations to the relative wind.
-
freestyle :
-
A type of freefall maneuvering characterized by individual
acrobatic flying, reminiscent of gymnastics; also known as
"style" and "aerobatics". A choreographed solo performance of
static and dynamic maneuvers as a competitive event.
-
frog :
-
A compact, face-to-earth body position in which the arms and legs
are tucked against the torso, the neck retracts the head against
the torso, and the minimal amount of steering is done with the
hands beside the head; also called "bomber", "tuck", or
"cannonball". This high-speed posture can quickly become unstable
and turn into a tumble.
-
FS :
-
Formation Skydiving; formerly known as "Relative Work" (RW) until
the nomenclature was changed by the International Parachuting
Commission. In FS, skydivers attempt to go through a
predetermined sequence of freefall formations, often geometric
patterns.
-
funnel :
-
When one or more skydivers find themselves in an unstable body
position, they can generate a skydiver's burble, which can result
in a loss of stability, and usually causes the formation to break
up.
-
FXC :
-
A company manufacturing "fail-safe" AADs, such as the ASTRA.
-
gang-bang :
-
Slang for a mass formation parachute jump or full unit Airborne
assault; derived from the impressive appearance of a sky crowded
by a mass of canopies ... it has the visual effect of canopies
massively blossoming, like silent explosions, blotting-out the
sky. It could also be called a "silken overcast".
-
glide :
-
The combined horizontal and vertical movement of an unpowered
airfoil or a descending canopy.
-
glide ratio :
-
The comparative distance a canopy flies forward while descending;
sometimes called "glide angle". A canopy with a 3:1 glide ratio
flies three feet forward for every foot of vertical descent.
-
go-around :
-
An in-flight operation in which the jump aircraft circles the
drop zone (DZ) at the exit altitude in a racetrack pattern;
employed when spotting the initial point, or for staged releases.
-
GPS :
-
Global Positioning System; a GPS receiver can identify the user's
position from satellite signals, enabling a monitor to spot the
proper exit for skydivers in a jump plane.
-
grippers :
-
Handholds built onto Formation Skydiving (FS/RW) jumpsuits to
make it easier to take grips when docking or linking.
-
grips :
-
Slang for using the hands to hold onto another skydiver in
freefall or during an aircraft exit. In formation skydiving (FS),
the formations are scored as complete when every skydiver has
taken the correct grips.
-
ground hog :
-
Anyone who works in a job that has nothing to do with aviation,
airlift, airmobility, or aircraft; used in the same
discriminating way as "leg" for anyone not airborne qualified.
-
groundspeed :
-
The forward speed of an airplane or skydiver moving over the
ground, as opposed to its airspeed.
-
HAHO :
-
High-Altitude High-Opening parachuting technique.
-
HALO :
-
High-Altitude Low-Opening parachuting technique; first performed
in 1941 from 30,800 to 1500 feet as a controlled demonstration to
prove aviators could survive extreme delayed-opening ejections
from disabled aircraft.
-
hand deploy :
-
To activate the parachute by manually deploying the pilot chute,
as opposed to pulling a rip-cord; also known as "pull-out" and
"throw-out". A bridle tethers the pilot chute to the main canopy.
-
hang tough / hang tuff :
-
Catch-phrase of encouragement and solidarity for paratroopers who
must endure bad weather, missed jump spots, and malfunctions;
such as having the guts to ride-out a Mae West under combat load.
-
harness :
-
The adjustable webbing straps for securing a parachute container
or pack to the jumper's body.
-
harness/container :
-
The arrangement of webbing and fabric that holds the main and
reserve canopies, together with their attachments, and secures
them to the skydiver; useful in absorbing shock, distributing
stress, and bearing load or weight. Different configurations
exist to meet different needs and preferences. This element is
designated "pack" by the FAA.
-
harness hold :
-
An Accelerated Freefall (AFF) technique that replaces the initial
static line (SL) qualifying jumps with Instructor Assisted
Deployment (IAD) freefall skydives. After ground training, the
student is accompanied by one or more instructor jumpmasters
during both poised and launch exits from an aircraft. The
instructor(s) grip the student's harness so as to establish
stability and to control maneuvers, and then pull the student's
rip-cord to deploy his parachute at the appropriate altitude.
This empirical methodology significantly increases the
self-confidence necessary for the student to achieve
self-supervised
independent freefall proficiency.
-
HARP :
-
abbreviation for High Altitude Release Point; since the flight
path and jump run on High Altitude High Opening (HAHO) skydives
must be different, this is the spot best calculated for parachute
deployment, as factored by current wind velocity, actual jump
altitude, and other variables, that will optimally attain the
drop zone (DZ) objective with the mission specific equipment and
requisite GEAR load. The HARP is the point at which freefall
becomes paraglide, relative to life support and other crucial
considerations. Formerly an elapsed time or distance plot
computed before take-off, along with supplemental oxygen and
related details, but since the availability of a real-time Global
Positioning System (GPS), mid-air decision making has become
standard procedure.
-
head down :
-
An inverted vertical or nearly vertical free-flying orientation.
-
heading :
-
The direction an aircraft, parachute, or skydiver is facing. The
ability to recognize and maintain heading is crucial to
successfully jumping with other parachutists. Exits and
deployments are commonly described as "on" or "off" heading.
-
heavy drop :
-
The parachute delivery of cargo, supplies and equipment, which is
always separate from parachuting people. The military
additionally delivers vehicles, weapons, munitions, and other
essential supplies to an established "airhead".
-
holding :
-
To fly a parachute directly into the ambient wind; instead of
crabbing against or running with the wind.
-
Hooker harness :
-
A single-point aircraft passenger restraint system that
integrates with a parachute harness; as designed by Jack Hooker.
-
hook knife :
-
A small emergency knife, carried in the jumpsuit or on the
parachute harness, that is designed to cut through fouled lines
or bound webbing. Resembling a seatbelt cutter, the knife forms a
blunt hook around an inside cutting edge (such as a concealed
razor blade), which only slices on a pull stroke. A variety of
multi-blade or multi-tool knives intended for emergency use have
incorporated a U-shaped hook blade; including the original WWII
paratrooper's knife. Some short bladed hunting or survival knives
with an integral "gut-hook" are also used by parachutists.
-
hook turn :
-
A fast sharp turn, often 90 degrees or more, executed close to
the ground, resulting in a dive; a risky maneuver employed to
counteract wind or drift shifts, or to acquire speed just prior
to landing.
-
hookup / hook-up :
-
To grasp onto or link-up with other skydivers in freefall, as in
building a formation; to link, dock, pin, grip, join, or connect.
Also refers to securely fastening the static line onto an anchor
in the jump plane; as a safety precaution, this coupling is not
made until the aircraft is on final approach to the spot during
its jump run.
-
horseshoe :
-
A partial parachute malfunction wherein part of the deployed
parachute is entangled with the jumper or with their equipment.
-
hot fuel :
-
The refueling of an aircraft without shutting down its engine;
due to risk of fire, no passengers should be on board during this
procedure.
-
IAD :
-
Instructor Assisted Deployment, including "harness hold" (AFF)
and "piggyback" (tandem) modalities. In an IAD deployment, the
instructor guides the student during initial exit and freefall
stabilization, and then releases control of the "throw-out" pilot
chute at the appropriate altitude.
-
in date :
-
As noted on the data card, a reserve parachute that has been
packed within the previous 120 days; it is illegal to jump with a
reserve chute that is "out of date".
-
instructor :
-
A parachutist who has held a USPA jumpmaster rating for at least
one year and passed an Instructor Certification Course in at
least one of the approved deployment techniques. An "instructor"
rating is mandatory for managing student programs and licensure
sign-offs. An instructor is eligible to coach contestants, to
supervise competitions, and may be appointed as a Safety and
Training Adviser (S&TA). An Instructor/Examiner is certified
to teach instructors.
-
instructor/examiner :
-
The USPA certified Instructor/Examiner (I/E) is qualified in all
deployment methods, passed all proficiency exams, licenses
instructors, and serves as a Safety and Training Adviser
(S&TA).
-
IPC :
-
The International Parachuting Commission is a committee of the
FAI, and oversees sport parachuting worldwide.
-
jet stream :
-
Strong winds, generally westerly, concentrated in a relatively
narrow and shallow stream in the upper troposphere of the earth.
Also, the backwash (wash) or exhaust of a jet airplane engine.
Also, the flow of currents (slipstream) against or around a
person or airfoil moving faster than the ambiant wind.
-
JM :
-
Abbreviation for jumpmaster (qv).
-
judge :
-
The official who evaluates the performance of competitors during
sanctioned meets; the USPA issues judge ratings at both the
conference and national levels, while the FAI issues a rating
for internationally recognized judges.
-
jump altitude :
-
The actual altitude of an aircraft above the ground (AGL) at the
time a skydiver exits.
-
jump boots :
-
Sturdy but comfortable boots that protect the feet and ankles of
parachutists, often with thick soles, reinforcing quarters, and
tendon protection. Lighter-weight jump boots, such as hi-tech
hikers, are often used by sport jumpers and competitors.
-
jump lift :
-
The assignment of parachutists to a program or schedule; the
manifest for any single flight.
-
jumpmaster :
-
A military parachutist certified to instruct, supervise, and
conduct airborne personnel and operations; the airborne-qualified
individual assigned to control the parachutists or paratroopers
from the time they enter the aircraft until they exit. All
licensed civilian skydivers "jumpmaster" their own deployments;
but a civilian jumpmaster (minimum USPA C license rating) is
certified to supervise parachutists and conduct parachute events,
such as formations. Civilian jumpmasters must be "instructor"
qualified to manage student jump programs and sign-off on
licenses. All military freefall (MFF) personnel are also civilian
certified jumpmasters. Sometimes abbreviated "JM"; and may be
designated "monitor" outside the USA.
-
jump plane :
-
A utility or cargo aircraft, often of the Short Take-Off and
Landing (STOL) type, including Beechcraft, Twin Beech, King Air,
Cessna, Porter, Skymaster, Bronco, Otter, Beaver, Twin Otter,
Dakota, Caribou, Provider, Flying Boxcar, Globemaster, Hercules,
Kingbee, Huey, Shawnee, Chinook, Husky, Jolly Green Giant, and
the like; also called "jump ship" or A/C.
-
jump run :
-
The flight path taken by the jump plane to accurately place the
skydivers in position over the landing area or drop zone (DZ).
-
jump speed :
-
The airspeed at which parachutists, paratroopers, and other
aircrew can exit with comparative safety from an aircraft.
-
jumpsuit :
-
A coverall-type garment specifically designed for skydiving
applications, by inclusions and modifications, such as FS,
freestyle, or accuracy.
-
key :
-
A signal to proceed to the next step in a skydive.
-
LALO :
-
Low-Altitude Low-Opening parachuting technique; primarily
employed by military skydivers.
-
landing pattern :
-
The deliberate flight path, usually rectangular, that a jumper
uses in the final phase of descent under canopy.
-
leg :
-
Any non-parachutist; someone who is not Airborne qualified; also
called "straight leg" and "wuffo". Also used to designate a
portion or segment of an action or maneuver, as the first phase
or the final leg.
-
license :
-
A certificate of proficiency recognizing that a skydiver has met
the specified level of knowledge, skill, and experience in one of
the four classes (ie: A - D) of USPA licensure which are
recognized internationally through the FAI.
-
lift :
-
That component of force, opposite to the pull of gravity, exerted
by air upon an airfoil in a direction perpendicular to its
forward motion.
-
line dock :
-
The docking of two canopies with the docker's canopy above the
head of the person receiving the dock.
-
line of flight :
-
An imaginary line corresponding to the jump plane's path over the
ground, which is useful when plotting larger formation skydives
because the skydivers will be distributed along this line during
the jump run.
-
lineover :
-
A partial malfunction of a deployed parachute resulting in one or
more suspension lines going over the top of the canopy; commonly
known as a "Mae West" on parabolic rigs. This configuration may
generally resemble a "partial inversion" of a round canopy, but
they are formed differently.
-
line twist :
-
A condition of parachute opening where the canopy has attained
full or nearly full inflation but one or more complete twists
have developed in the suspension lines and/or risers. An
eventuality that can be dangerous when associated with a spin.
-
loadmaster :
-
The aircraft crewmember who is responsible for the proper stowage
and movement of transported men, equipment, or other cargo, for
the optimal balance and protection of the payload.
-
loft :
-
An open or unpartitioned building with a high clearance, as if
for an upper story, used for the care and repair of parachutes,
their inspection and packing. This facility also serves as a
venue for safety lectures, instruction, "dirt diving", gear
stowage, and other social activities, including "prop blasts". If
situated near an airstrip or drop zone (DZ), the loft may include
a "ready room" where standby or on-call personnel may await their
turn for a jump lift, or their duty assignment.
-
log book :
-
An authenticated record of someone's parachuting experience,
citing date, place, gear, weather, and performance of each event,
and countersigned by a jumpmaster witness. This log is submitted
whenever a candidate applies for a higher rating.
-
LORAN :
-
A "LOng-RANge radio-navigation" position fixing system using the
time difference of reception of pulse type transmissions from two
or more fixed ground stations. "LORAN" is being made obsolete by
the global positioning system (GPS), and US military and maritime
elements ceased its use during the early 1990s.
-
luff :
-
The vibratory effect of a canopy or airfoil flying into the wind
at a too-steep angle of attack, in which the leading edge may
tremble and the entire surface may ripple. An effect similar to
waffle, but from a different cause.
-
Mae West :
-
A partial parachute malfunction where the suspension lines divide
the main canopy into two sections, like a gigantic brassiere;
derived from name of famous full-breasted actress. Formally known
as a "lineover".
-
main :
-
The primary parachute, or the largest canopy; normally deployed
by a pilot chute, and intended to be used with a reserve.
-
maintenance :
-
The normal inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and
replacement of standardized integral parts.
-
major alteration :
-
An alteration not listed in the manufacturer's specifications
that might appreciably affect weight, structural strength,
performance, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting
airworthiness, or that cannot be done by elementary operations.
-
major repair :
-
A repair that if improperly accomplished may affect
weight, structural strength, performance, flight characteristics,
or other qualities which determine airworthiness.
-
malfunction :
-
The complete or partial failure of a parachute canopy to attain
or sustain proper opening, descent, or flight characteristics.
-
manifest :
-
The list of parachutists scheduled for any particular flight;
used for purposes of accountability and load management.
-
microline :
-
Suspension line cordage that's narrower, but with equal or
greater strength, than traditional 550 Dacron para-cord;
typically made of Spectra material.
-
MFF :
-
Military Free Fall parachuting; the tactical form of skydiving
employed by Armed Forces personnel.
-
mother hen :
-
Slang for the leader of a chalk or stick, functioning as a team,
squad, or section leader to get "all the little chicks in a row";
properly known as a stick commander or chalk commander.
-
MSL :
-
Mean Sea Level; used to designate altitude in feet above sea
level, as opposed to above the ground (AGL). Pilots of aircraft
always use MSL when referring to altitude.
-
mushroom :
-
slang for a parabolic canopy or a round parachute. Also refers to
a cat's-paw, pawn, or dupe who is used in covert operations
without full knowledge, as being "kept in the dark and fed on
horse shit".
-
NAA :
-
National Aeronautic Association; the national aero club of the
USA which represents the FAI. USPA is a division of the NAA.
-
NAS :
-
National Aircraft Standard, which defines the minimum performance
ratings, the safety standards, and the tests required for a
parachute to be approved by Technical Standard Order (TSO) C-23b.
NAS 804 was adopted in 1949, and was superseded in 1984 by NAS
8015A.
-
Nasser toggles :
-
Control loops on the front risers attached to one or more A or
A-B lines to facilitate diving the canopy toward a canopy (CRW /
CFS) formation. Designed by Nasser Basir.
-
NCPC :
-
National Collegiate Parachuting Committee; the organization that
encourages and supports the collegiate sport of skydiving, and
conducts annual championships.
-
night jump :
-
The FAA recognizes any parachuting between one hour after sunset
and one hour before sunrise as a qualifying "night jump",
regardless of moon phase or weather conditions; a requirement of
both military and civilian parachute qualification.
-
NOTAM :
-
Notice to Airmen; an air traffic advisory or notice filed with an
FAA Flight Service Station by an airspace user.
-
object :
-
Any item, other than a person, that falls to the ground or
descends to the surface from an aircraft in flight or from an
aerial platform aloft when a parachute is used or is intended to
be used during all or part of the descent; also called a "falling
object", and may include dislodged paragear or a paracargo
payload. Any uncontrolled or unguided falling object is an
airborne hazard, and may be harmful to skydivers, air crew, and
ground personnel.
-
open body of water :
-
Any water hazard or other body of water in which a parachutist
could drown.
-
opening point :
-
The reference ground point over which the freefall skydiver opens
the parachute.
-
opening shock :
-
The sudden force experienced by the jumper when the fully
deployed parachute abruptly slows the rate of descent from
terminal velocity. This rapid deceleration, also called "opening
force", is caused by the resistance of load exertion during
canopy inflation.
-
organizer :
-
Someone with enough leadership skills and skydiving expertise to
plan formation skydives.
-
oscillation :
-
The swaying or swinging motion, resembling a pendulum, of the
suspended load under a deployed canopy; may be caused by wind
variations, improper steering, inadequate venting, excessive
movement or manipulation. In canopy formations, such oscillations
may result from poor docking or other internal turbulance.
-
outboard :
-
Oriented to the outside or outermost (distal) aspect of the
parachutist, as when facing the rip-cord handle for actuation by
pulling away from the body. An outboard orientation often limits
access to only one hand, and increases the risk of accidental
dislodgment through inadvertent contact or friction.
-
out landing :
-
Landing off of the target area; also, landing outside the drop
zone. (humorously expressed as "outlandingish" or just
outlandish)
-
out of date :
-
As determined by the data card, a reserve parachute that has been
packed longer than the previous 120 days; it is illegal to jump
with a reserve chute that is "out of date".
-
pack :
-
The FAA term for a parachute assembly without the harness;
includes the container, canopy, suspension lines, pilot chute,
risers, and connector links. This term is synonymous with
container; also known as "parachute pack". Also, the proper and
precise folding and layout of a parachute canopy and suspension
lines within its deployment container.
-
packing data card :
-
Also called "data card" (qv).
-
pack sack :
-
Slang for the bag or deployment bag, which is secured with the
suspension lines in the container or harness/container.
-
pack tray :
-
The part of the container (or harness/container) where the folded
canopy and aligned suspension lines are fitted for secure stowage
and proper deployment. Name probably derives from its resemblance
to primitive backpacking frames, which were camping supplies
encased by a shelter-half that was secured with diamond-hitches
... in order to get at anything, everything had to be exposed;
which is how the harness/container functions during deployment.
-
pancake :
-
To land at unsurvivable speed; also called "auger", "bounce",
"frap", "hammered", and "go in".
-
panel :
-
A distinct triangular or trapezoidal section fitted vertically
into a parabolic or round parachute canopy, which may be vented
or reinforced, and is anchored by suspension lines. Also refers
to a lateral subdivision of an airfoil with internal girder
construction.
-
para :
-
Short for parachute, parachuting, or parachutist.
-
paracargo :
-
Any payload delivered by parachute.
-
parachute :
-
A fabric deceleration device; being a parabolic, ram-air, or
other airfoil system used primarily for the vertical delivery of
men or equipment from an altitude onto a designated landing area
or drop zone (DZ). Parachutes intended for human use are sized
approximately 24 - 35 foot canopies, and cargo chutes are sized
approximately 48 - 60 foot canopies, and may be deployed in
multiples. Parachutes designed for improved steerability, often
called "sport parachutes", are modified with ports that can be
actuated by the jumper to help control direction and descent. The
word 'parachute' (parer + chute) derives from "sustain + fall"
for a "deployable aerodynamic decelerator", and was coined by
Louis Sebastien Lenormand in 1783. [nb: the USPA alleges that
parachute derives from "shield + fall" meaning a protective or
preventative device to arrest a fall, but the pre-aviation intent
of the inventors was to enable a controlled descent]
-
parachute drop :
-
Formally defined as the descent of an object (non-human) to the
surface from an aircraft in flight when a parachute is used
during all or part of that descent, but is typically used as a
synonym for "parachute jump".
-
parachute jump :
-
A parachute operation that involves the descent of one or more
persons to the surface from an aircraft in flight when a
parachute is used during all or part of that descent.
-
parachute landing fall :
-
The PLF is a technique used to minimize injury during rough
landings; a PLF distributes the landing shock along feet, calf,
thigh, hip, and shoulders. During a PLF, the jumper's chin is
tucked, and the risers are grasped in an arm-bar protecting the
face and throat. The PLF is executed in one of six directions
(left front, left side, left rear, right front, right side, right
rear), depending on terrain, wind, and oscillation. A
smokejumper's PLF differs in that it transforms into a tumble
once the hip has struck the ground.
-
parachutist :
-
Anyone who uses a canopy or airfoil to descend an altitude, with
(freefall) or without (static line) a delay in deployment.
-
parachutist in command :
-
The person, usually the instructor, responsible for the safe
control and operation of a tandem jump with a "passenger
parachutist". The person in command is always behind and slightly
above the passenger, but is not necessarily a jumpmaster.
-
para-cord :
-
contraction of parachute cord, a thin, multi-strand, sheathed
suspension LINE used to connect the harness risers to the canopy,
but widely adopted for many other utilitarian applications; also
called 550-cord, ranger cord, or p-cord.
-
paragear :
-
The aggregate of clothing, equipment, and supplies used in
parachuting, and usually carried in a flight bag.
-
paraglide :
-
A flight activity, also called "parapente", involving the use of
an airfoil or a ram-air inflated wing (resembling a "square"
parachute) in surface lift-off gliding. Flights are typically
initiated by foot-launching from a hill or from a ground-based
tow. Because paragliding does not meet the definition of "the
descent of a person or object to the surface from an aircraft in
flight", it is not regulated by the FAA or addressed by the USPA.
-
paranoid :
-
A "bad news" parachutist who devoutly believes that luck or fate
is more significant than skill or technique in skydiving; an
accident waiting to happen!
-
para-scuba :
-
The combination sport of parachuting into water with skindiving
equipment already emplaced.
-
para-ski :
-
The combination sport of parachuting onto a snow-covered mountain
with downhill (alpine) skiing equipment already emplaced.
-
paratrooper :
-
A soldier with skills so essential to the objective that he is
delivered, with all of his necessary equipment, to the
battlefield by air transport; where he must sustain the mission
until joined by conventional ground forces.
-
partial inversion :
-
The inflation malfunction of a round canopy where one side passes
through two lines of the other side before partially inflating as
separated lobes. The resulting configuration may resemble a
"lineover" but is formed differently.
-
passenger parachutist :
-
The person, usually a student, who exits the jump aircraft while
secured to the forward harness of a dual-rig tandem parachute
system for descent to the ground.
-
pathfinder :
-
The advance element for an airborne or heliborne insertion of
operational units. Pathfinder teams were dropped or air-landed at
an objective to establish a Drop Zone (DZ); or air-delivered into
enemy territory for purposes of determining the best approach and
withdrawal lanes, Landing Zones (LZ) and airhead sites for
heliborne forces.
-
payload :
-
The cargo load of necessary supplies and equipment on an aircraft
essential for the performance of a given mission, or the
accomplishment of a specific sortie.
-
peas :
-
Pea-sized gravel, used in the landing area as a target reference,
and because it is forgiving of hard landings.
-
penguin :
-
Nickname for non-flying aviation support staff and ground crew,
by analogy with flightless bird; as used since before WWII, and
also known as "wing wiper". This affectionate name was selected
due to the derogatory associations with other choices, such as
Ostrich, Dodo, Moa, Emu, Cassowary, Great Auk, Kakapo, and Kiwi.
-
permeability :
-
The amount or volume of air which is capable of passing through a
porous fabric assembly without damage.
-
pilot chute :
-
A small round parachute that acts as a drogue to initiate and/or
accelerate the extraction of the main or reserve canopy from its
bag or container for deployment. A bridle tethers the pilot chute
to the main canopy.
-
pilot chute assist :
-
A method of rigging a static line to a parachute where the static
line opens the container and positively extracts the pilot chute
before the break cord (of known strength) or Velcro strip
separates the static line from the parachute system. A bridle
tethers the pilot chute to the main canopy.
-
pin :
-
The first skydiver to dock or link onto the base; this pin is the
essential second element in building a formation. Also refers to
the closing or retaining pins of the container of the main and
reserve chutes, both of which should be checked prior to jumping.
-
pin check :
-
Pre-jump inspection of the parachute, especially the closing or
retaining pins.
-
pit :
-
The pea gravel landing area.
-
plane :
-
The placement or arrangement of a compact or compressed formation
in a single level or geometric surface; also called "planing".
Also, an aircraft or airplane, especially the jump plane; an A/C.
-
planform :
-
The outline of an object when viewed from directly overhead,
especially the footprint of a wing surface.
-
PLF :
-
Parachute Landing Fall. A technique used to minimize injury
during rough landings; a PLF distributes the landing shock along
feet, calf, thigh, hip, and shoulders. During a PLF, the jumper's
chin is tucked, and the risers are grasped in an arm-bar
protecting the face and throat. The PLF is executed in one of six
directions (left front, left side, left rear, right front, right
side, right rear), depending on terrain, wind, and oscillation. A
smokejumper's PLF differs in that it transforms into a tumble
once the hip has struck the ground.
-
poised exit :
-
An incremental departure from an aircraft wherein the jumper uses
the external structure of that aircraft (ie: strut, flap, boom)
to momentarily brace himself so as to assist in gaining a stable
body position immediately upon leaving the aircraft. This is an
excellent teaching method for novice skydivers, especially during
initial SL or DRCP jumps.
-
porosity :
-
The ratio of open to closed areas in a fabric, which are graded
as high, low, or zero; tightly woven and treated material has a
lower porosity than loosely woven material.
-
post dive :
-
Review of a skydive after all participants have landed.
-
practice deployment :
-
An in-air exercise used to accustom the novice jumper to the
location and operation of a rip-cord or parachute deployment
handle prior to autonomous opening. This exercise, formerly
called "Dummy Rip-Cord Pull" (DRCP), is conducted under
instructor supervision, as IAD or AFF, or while tethered to a
static line (SL), and may consist of pulling or throwing a
practice handle, or of simply touching the actual deployment
handle in freefall or tandem droguefall.
-
premature opening :
-
The unintentional opening of a parachute. If done inside an
aircraft just before or during the exiting stage, this accident
may prove catastrophic.
-
prop blast :
-
The turbulent backwash encountered by a parachutist upon exiting
an aircraft in motion; a disturbance that can disorient or injure
the jumper. Under optimal conditions, the pilot will feather the
airplane's propeller thrust at the coordinated spot (or "exit
point") on a jump run, but the mission or weather conditions may
not permit this accommodation. Parachutists who exit an aircraft
by its 'tailgate' (eg: Flying Boxcar, Hercules, Chinook) often
experience much less "prop blast" than when exiting the same
aircraft by its 'sidedoor'. This phrase also refers to the unique
ceremony, often ridiculously ritualized and rowdy, that
celebrates the qualification of new skydivers or the assignment
of novice paratroopers to their first airborne unit ... a once in
a lifetime event!
-
PRO rating :
-
A USPA qualification indicating competence to perform difficult
demonstration jumps; such as the US Army Golden Knights and the
US Navy Shooting Stars.
-
pud :
-
Slang for a soft handle, that's ergonomically designed for a
comfortable grip and aerodynamically designed to be low-profile,
used for various parachute operations, such as the handle on a
pullout pilot chute system.
-
pullout / pull-out :
-
A pilot chute that is packed inside the container and is deployed
by using a lanyard-connected handle, the pulling of which also
releases the main canopy container pin.
-
pull-up cord :
-
A piece of cord or length of line used to thread the closing loop
through the grommets or eyelets of the packed container as an aid
to closure, which cords are removed once the closing or retaining
pins are inserted.
-
racetrack :
-
The oval or circular flight pattern used by aircraft when
returning to an approach or recycling to an execution point, as
when selecting the exit point or testing wind drift, and
returning to the spot for parachutists to jump; also called
"go-around".
-
ram-air parachute :
-
A "square" or oblong parachute with a canopy consisting of an
upper and lower surface that is inflated by ram air entering
through specially designed openings in the front of the canopy to
form a gliding airfoil. These semi-rigid inflated airfoils may
also be configured elliptically for higher performance.
-
rating :
-
The certified proficiency level of a parachutist. Civilian
parachutists who present logbook authentication are rated "A
license" when able to pack their main chute, self-jumpmaster,
make water landings, and perform basic RW; "B license" when also
able to night jump and participate in competitions; "C license"
when also able to jumpmaster other licensed skydivers and make
demonstration jumps; and "D license" when expert in all aspects,
is eligible for instructor qualification and appointment as
S&TA. The USPA also rates "jumpmaster", "instructor", and
"PRO" demonstration jumpers. Military parachutists are eligible
only while assigned on "jump status" to an Airborne unit and are
rated "basic" after student training and 5 SL jumps; "senior"
after jumpmaster training and 30 SL jumps; and "master" after
instructor training and 65 SL jumps. The "Military Free Fall"
(MFF) rating is restricted to "master" parachutists who are
trained in skydiving specialties while assigned to a special
operations force unit. An unofficial golden parachutist badge is
presented to "master-blasters" who have completed 100 SL jumps,
but this device is not authorized for wear on-duty. The USPA
awards a golden parachutist badge to skydivers who have
accumulated 100 hours of freefall delay, and a similar diamond
parachutist badge for accumulating 1000 hours of freefall delay
before chute deployment. Both the USPA and FAI qualify judges to
evaluate skydiving competitions.
-
red hat :
-
a red-colored baseball-style cap emblazoned with rigger wings, to
designate a parachute repairer or packer on the loading strip or
drop zone (DZ). Also, a maroon-colored beret approved for wear by
paratroopers on active jump status, as derived from WWII British
Airborne units.
-
relative wind :
-
The apparent wind felt by a jumper in freefall, which results
from the skydiver's speed while passing through the air,
regardless of the horizon.
-
relative work :
-
The term formerly used to describe "Formation Skydiving" (FS);
abbreviated "RW".
-
repair :
-
Any correction, reinforcement, reconditioning, or renewal to
damaged gear, as by mending or patching, that restores its
function so as not to adversely affect its weight, strength,
structure, flight characteristics, or other qualities of
airworthiness or performance; not a modification or alteration.
-
reserve :
-
The auxiliary, secondary, or backup parachute of slightly reduced
dimension that is intentionally carried on every non-emergency
parachute jump. An approved parachute worn for emergency use to
be activated only upon failure of the main parachute or in any
other emergency where use of the main parachute is impractical or
use of the main parachute would increase risk.
-
reserve static line :
-
The connection from the main canopy risers to the reserve
parachute release; abbreviated RSL. Formerly known as a "Stevens
system" after its inventor.
-
reverse flight :
-
A non-flying canopy maneuver that collapses the canopy and may
cause it to spin. This "full stall" results when the toggles are
depressed beyond the "critical angle" until the trailing edge is
lower than the leading edge. A "full stall" may result in an
unrecoverable malfunction.
-
rib :
-
A vertical and longitudinal fabric membrane that forms the
airfoil shape and primary structure of a ram-air canopy.
-
rig :
-
Slang for the entire parachute, including main and reserve
canopies together with the harness/container; the unit resulting
from the combination of related elements. Also, to don or dress
in full paragear; to "suit-up" for parachuting. Also, to adjust
or modify the essential paragear for a particular jump.
-
rigger :
-
A Quartermaster specialist responsible for the supply,
maintenance, and proper packing of various parachutes, including
reserve, cargo, and personnel; such skill specialization has been
distinguished since 1948 by wear of a red baseball-style cap
("Red Hats") and a unique qualification badge, which was finally
approved on 9 June 1986.
-
rigger's certificate :
-
Certification by the FAA of a rigger's proficiency and
competence. A rated "senior rigger" may make minor repairs and
pack reserve and main parachutes. A rated "master rigger" may
make major repairs and alterations as well as packing parachutes.
-
rip-cord / ripcord :
-
The deployment system on all reserves and most student
parachutes. The rip-cord is a length of cable with a handle at
one end and a release pin (or set of pins) at the other. When
pulled, the pin comes out of the closing loop holding the
container shut, and the pilot chute is released so as to deploy
the main parachute. A bridle tethers the pilot chute to the main
canopy.
-
riser / risers :
-
The webbing straps that connect the parachute harness to the
suspension lines. At the end of the risers is a mechanism, such
as Capewell, Chrysalis, or three ring release, for harness
attachment and detachment. The brakes/steering control lines are
affixed to the back or rear risers. The suspension lines attach
to the top of the risers with connector links, which are also
known as "rapid links".
-
riser dock :
-
In advanced canopy relative work, a momentum dock secured at the
risers.
-
riser loops :
-
Loops or devices positioned on a riser that make it easier to
grip or grasp; also known as "grab loops", "blocks", "dive
loops", or "front riser loops".
-
ROL :
-
The "rear of leg" position, which may be used as a pilot chute
pouch location for throw-out deployments.
-
round :
-
A formation where each skydiver has grips on the arms of those
next to him; also known as a "star". Also refers to a parabolic
canopy or a round parachute, as opposed to a more modern ram-air
"square" parachute; the average adult parachutist typically
descends at 18 feet per second under a round-top.
-
RSL :
-
Reserve Static Line, being a connecting line (tether or lanyard)
from the risers for the main canopy to the rip-cord cable release
for the reserve parachute. In the event that the main is
cut-away, it may pull the reserve pin; but this release system
for malfunctions is only effective where the main is at least
partially deployed. Formerly known as a "Stevens system" after
its inventor.
-
running :
-
Flying a canopy with the ambient wind, which maneuver produces
the greatest possible ground speed; as opposed to holding.
-
RW :
-
Relative Work, the term formerly used to describe "Formation
Skydiving" (FS) until the nomenclature was changed by the
International Parachuting Commission. In RW, skydivers attempt to
go through a predetermined sequence of freefall formations, often
geometric patterns.
-
Safety and Training Adviser :
-
A jumpmaster who volunteers to inform skydivers about safety on
behalf of the USPA; abbreviated "S&TA".
-
S&TA :
-
The Safety and Training Adviser is a volunteer representative of
the USPA, who attempts to disseminate information about safe
practices, types of malfunctions, causes of accidents, teaching
methods, instructional materials, and acts as a liaison between
the USPA and DZ coaches and personnel. All S&TAs are D
license rated and most are qualified "instructor" jumpmasters.
Also known as "Safety and Training Officer" (S&TO).
-
seal :
-
The small lead seal secured to the closing pin of the reserve
parachute by a thin wire or red thread which indicates that the
container has not been opened since the date marked by the rigger
on the data card.
-
Sentinel :
-
A type of "fail-safe" AAD.
-
sideslip :
-
to slide an airfoil sideways on a turn with a concomitant loss of
altitude toward the inside of the curve, being the result of
excess speed and improper angle of approach; also called a
sliding or skid turn, and often shortened to "slip".
-
SIM :
-
The Skydiver's Information Manual is a comprehensive manual on
USPA policies and training methods, including the FARs which are
pertinent to skydiving.
-
single-harness dual-parachute system :
-
The typical one-person "solo" rig; being a combination of a main
parachute, approved reserve parachute, and approved single-person
harness and dual-parachute (tandem rig) container. This parachute
system may have an operational automatic activation device (AAD)
installed.
-
single operation system :
-
A single release handle (pud) simplifies the functions of the
cut-away and reserve handles by combining them; abbreviated SOS.
Refers to a parachute harness and container operation system with
a combined single-point riser release and reserve rip-cord
handle, such that pulling one handle will both release the risers
and deploy the reserve; as distinguished from a two-handled
system.
-
single point release :
-
Also called a "clutch" or "cut-away handle", and includes the
patented "three ring" release; may be abbreviated SPR.
-
sit flying :
-
An upright vertical freefly orientation based on a seated
position, such as but not limited to "chute assis".
-
skyboard /-ing :
-
The combination sport of freefalling and skysurfing with a
specially rigged "skyboard" already emplaced. The skyboard is a
rigid panel, resembling a snowboard, that attaches to the
jumper's footwear.
-
skydive /-ing :
-
The controlled descent of a person exiting from an altitude to
land at ground level, during which passage, the deployment of a
parachute is delayed for a calculated period, measured in
seconds, for the execution of maneuvers or the formation of
patterns, usually as sport or recreation.
-
skydiver :
-
A parachutist who engages in skydiving; also called "sport
parachutist" or "freefaller".
-
Skydiver's Information Manual :
-
The comprehensive policy and training manual of the USPA,
including pertinent FARs; abbreviated "SIM".
-
skygod :
-
Ostensibly and superficially, a superior parachutist; but
actually a jumper with an ego greater than his ability. This
derogatory or dismissive appellation serves as a warning to
others on the DZ that this skydiver may be uncooperative,
incompetent, or hazardous to fellow jumpers sharing the sky.
-
skysurfing :
-
The combination sport of freefalling with a specially rigged
"skyboard" already emplaced. The skyboard is a rigid panel,
resembling a snowboard, that attaches to the jumper's footwear.
-
SL :
-
The abbreviation for 'static line'(qv).
-
slider :
-
A rectangular piece of nylon fabric with a grommet at each corner
through which the main canopy's suspension lines are routed on a
square-top. Packed at the top of the suspension lines, the slider
controls the progressive opening of the ram-air canopy by
preventing the parachute from expanding too rapidly. A
"collapsible slider" may be compressed or wrapped by the jumper
after deployment to reduce drag. Slider purpose and function are
similar to a diaper on parabolic canopies.
-
Slinks :
-
A type of Spectra fabric connector link developed by Performance
Designs Inc, for attaching the lines of the parachute to the
risers.
-
slip :
-
A movement, most often performed as a "side-slip", intended to
abruptly steer a parachute away from (or toward) an object or
obstacle by pulling the risers as far down as possible. In mass
airborne assaults or in hazard landings, the risers will have
been pulled all the way down to the jumper's feet. Also known as
"grabbing line", from the practice of pulling the risers as if
climbing up the suspension lines until the canopy could be
mounted!
-
slipstream :
-
The "burble" of turbulence generated by an object passing through
air or space, as the airstream or backwash (wash) around an
aircraft from its propulsion. Also refers to the pocket of
reduced air pressure and forward suction generated behind a
moving object, craft or vehicle.
-
slot :
-
A position in the skydive formation or on the jump plane; used as
"dock in your slot" or "two slots left on the next bird".
-
smokejumper :
-
A skydiver certified for both firefighting and "rough terrain"
parachuting, employed to control forest fires in remote settings
by federal agencies (ie: Forest Service, Bureau of Land
Management) or regional fire departments. Originating as firemen
who literally "free jumped" (without a parachute) out of small
airplanes in a temporary stall at low altitude onto a remote
clearing near a forest fire, they experimented with parachutes
until they could adapt the techniques to their settings. The
smokejumper's PLF still retains the rolling tumble developed in
the "free jump" days. The first operational parachute jump by
smokejumpers was made on 12 July 1940 in Idaho. Smokejumpers wear
protective facemasks on their helmets, and their jumpsuits are
both fire- and puncture-proof. Special operations forces use the
"rough terrain" jump school as a preliminary for further military
specialization.
-
solo :
-
A skydiver who uses a single-harness dual-parachute system.
-
SOS :
-
Single Operation System, which simplifies emergency procedures by
combining the functions of the cut-away and reserve handles into
a single handle.
-
span :
-
The dimension of a wing or airfoil measured from tip to tip.
-
SPC :
-
Sport Parachute Club; the local or regional organization of
civilian skydivers, usually affiliated with USPA.
-
spill :
-
To fall in an uncontrolled manner during a parachute landing; a
landing that does not use or improperly uses a PLF, risking
injury to the person and damage to the equipment. Also refers to
the rapid or abrupt dumping of air from the canopy, as in a slip.
-
splash :
-
Slang reference to a water landing, whether accidental or
intentional.
-
sport parachute /-ing :
-
The phrase used for recreational and competitive parachuting
employing modified or steerable chutes; as distinguished from
military operations, in full gear and bad weather.
-
sport parachutist :
-
A skydiver; a recreational or competitive jumper.
-
spot :
-
The position of the aircraft when the jumpers exit. Selecting the
spot ("spotting") is the responsibility of the jumpmaster,
loadmaster, instructor, or coach in coordination with the pilot.
A stable or solid spot can facilitate jump maneuvers or simply
enhance the pleasure of a jump. Also called "jump spot", "initial
point", "launch", and "point of departure".
-
spotter :
-
A jumpmaster or crew chief who designates the jump spot, exit
point, and drop zone (if not previously selected) for the
parachutists; the spotter usually remains aboard the aircraft to
observe the descent and report its outcome. Sometimes called a
"monitor".
-
spotting :
-
Selecting the jump run course, advising the pilot of course
corrections, determining the ground reference point (exit point),
and designating the jump spot preparatory to departure of the
aircraft.
-
spread eagle :
-
A stable, face-to-earth body position in which the back is
arched, the arms and legs are straight, and the limbs form wide
v-shaped angles for maximum exposure. This arched X posture is
useful as a recovery body position and as a pre-deployment body
position.
-
square :
-
A rectangular ram-air parachute, as opposed to a "round"
parachute; the average adult parachutist typically descends at 12
feet per second under a square-top. These semi-rigid inflated
airfoils may also be configured elliptically for higher
performance.
-
stability :
-
The control of body posture, position, and maneuver during
freefall, such that any alterations are voluntary and productive;
a stable freefall position for the planned execution of
controlled movements.
-
stabilizer :
-
The vertical strips of cloth descending from the end cells of the
ram-air canopy, which are designed to improve the canopy's
ability to fly straight ahead and to enhance efficiency by
reducing tip vortices.
-
stack :
-
A vertical canopy formation with the jumpers gripping the canopy
or lines just below the canopy. Also, the vertical alignment of
tactical parachutists, formed in trail, in preparation for
sequential landings onto a confined or delimited drop zone (DZ).
-
stall :
-
The state of canopy flight control characterized by decreased
glide and increased rate of descent; as when the angle of attack
of a wing or other airfoil becomes too high to sustain lift, and
momentarily hesitates before losing its aerodynamic properties,
resulting in a downward spiral or spin. A parachutist
deliberately stalls with an air-braking flare to achieve a
low-impact "stand-up" landing.
-
static line :
-
A line, cable, or webbing strap designed to automatically open a
container or release a canopy when the person or load falls away
from the aircraft and reaches its end. In static line
parachuting, the webbing line, measuring about fifteen feet long,
is anchored to the airplane with the trailing end attached to the
release pins of the parachute, resulting in automatic deployment
after about a four or five second delay. Paratroopers, who are
thus characterized as "dope on a rope", use this technique on all
jumps, but skydivers pass through this stage, after learning
rip-cord pulls (DRCP), practice deployments, parachute control,
and landing techniques, to eventually master freefall techniques.
-
static line jump :
-
A parachute jump that uses a static line to deploy or partially
deploy the main canopy; as when training student skydivers.
-
steering lines :
-
The guide or control lines that run from the steering toggles on
the rear risers to the trailing edge of the sport parachute.
-
steering toggles :
-
Loops or cylindrical handles attached to the ends of the steering
lines of a parachute canopy in order to facilitate their use.
Toggles and lines are configured so they can be stowed in a
partially down position to enhance the opening of the parachute.
-
Stevens system :
-
The original reference for a "Reserve Static Line" (RSL)
connection between the main canopy risers and the reserve
parachute release, which is automatically actuated during a
malfunction cut-away if the main has developed sufficient drag.
Also called "Stevens connection" or "Stevens automatic"; was
superseded by the "Single Operation System" (SOS).
-
stick :
-
The file of paratroopers which conforms to the size of the jump
aircraft, regardless of regular TO&E assignment; may include
"inboard" and "outboard" sticks. The number of paratroopers who
jump from one aperture or door of an aircraft during one run over
a drop zone.
-
stick commander :
-
The qualified person who is designated to be responsible and in
control of a stick of paratroopers from assembly through
enplaning to exit; sometimes called "mother hen".
-
stow :
-
To neatly arrange the suspension lines on the deployment bag and
to place the steering toggles in their keepers.
-
streamer :
-
A total parachute malfunction, in which the suspension lines are
wrapped around the canopy so it cannot deploy; also called
"twister" and "cigarette roll". If the reserve chute is deployed
before the main is cut-away, the new canopy will join the
malfunction of the primary canopy, and the parachutist will fall
to his death without perceptible deceleration.
-
student :
-
A trainee or novice learning the rudiments of parachuting,
especially a skydiver without a rating or license.
-
style :
-
A type of freefall competition where an individual skydiver
attempts to precisely execute a predetermined sequence of
maneuvers in the shortest possible time.
-
suspension lines :
-
The cords extending from the risers to the canopy. On round-tops,
they are distributed equidistant around the canopy perimeter at
the ribbed gutters; and on square-tops, they are normally
gathered into four groups (A-D), and divided into right and left
or front and back riser groups, with or without cascading. The
type of line material may be either the thicker but softer Dacron
polyester or the smaller Spectra "microline". Suspension lines
are the means by which the weight load of the person or cargo is
borne by the inflated canopy.
-
swoop :
-
To quickly dive to link with an individual in freefall, or to
quickly dive into an assigned slot in a formation. Also refers to
rapidly approaching the landing area so as to create a dramatic
landing with a long flat flare.
-
swoop pond :
-
A water obstacle, also called a "swoop ditch", used as a
high-performance demonstration landing area.
-
tab :
-
A small flap, strap, loop, or similar appendage, as on a pack or
suit, used for pulling (eg: trim tabs), grasping (eg: grippers),
or hanging (eg: cross connectors). Also, a small airfoil hinged
to the rear portion of a control surface, as to an elevator,
aileron, or rudder. Also, a distinguishing label (arc) denoting
qualification or proficiency, as worn on a hat or sleeve.
-
tandem :
-
A parachute jump in which two skydivers, usually an instructor
and student, share one parachute system; the student wears a
separate harness that attaches to the front of the instructor's
harness. The canopies are typically oversized. The jumpers are
also designated "passenger" (front) and "command" (rear); also
called "piggyback". This is one of the AFF/IAD techniques.
-
tandem parachute system :
-
The combination of a main parachute, approved reserve parachute,
and approved harness and dual parachute (tandem rig) container,
and a separate approved forward harness for a "passenger
parachutist". This parachute system must have an operational
automatic activation device (AAD) installed.
-
tandem rig :
-
A parachute harness/container configured so that both the main
and reserve canopies are serially mounted on the jumper's back.
This "dual assembly" is a more comfortable and convenient
configuration for civilian parachutists, but requires the use of
either a reserve static line (RSL) or a single operation system
(SOS). Paratroopers, smokejumpers, and MFF-skydivers are required
to wear front-mounted reserve chutes.
-
target :
-
The specified landing area on a drop zone; which, in officially
sanctioned competitions, is a three-centimeter disk at the center
of graduated distances for grading accuracy.
-
Technical Standard Order :
-
A TSO (TSO-C23) is an FAA regulation, including National Aircraft
Standard (NAS), requiring parachute manufacturers to comply with
minimum performance standards and material product specifications
to ensure safety; TSO compliance must be certified on a product
display placard in order to be legally marketed.
-
terminal velocity :
-
The speed at which atmospheric drag matches the pull of gravity,
resulting in a constant fall rate; a body falling at maximum
acceleration. The typical freefall equilibrium velocity attained
against air resistance is approximately 160 - 200 fps, or about
110 - 130 mph for the stable face-to-earth body position; but
speeds as high as 300 miles per hour have been reached.
-
thread through / thread-through :
-
A leg strap configuration on a parachute harness that uses a
single piece of adjustable hardware, such that leg strap
disconnection would require complete disassembly or
"unthreading"; also called "step-through". When donning or
doffing this parachute harness, the jumper simply steps into or
out of the connected legs straps.
-
three ring :
-
A parachute release mechanism connecting the risers to the
harness. This cut-away release system, invented by Bill Booth in
the late 1970s, utilizes three rings of separate size in a
mechanical advantage mechanism. In its common configuration,
pulling one cut-away handle will simultaneously release both main
risers. It is a patented form of "single point release", also
available in a scaled-down "mini three ring" release version; and
replaces the older style Capewell and Chrysalis releases.
-
throw-out :
-
A hand deployment method for parachute activation in which the
pilot chute is stowed in a pouch on the belly (belly-band) or leg
(ROL), or bottom of the container (BOC), and introduced manually
into the airstream. A curved closing pin or equivalent locking
device on the bridle is extracted as the jumper is separated from
the pilot chute, opening the container and deploying the main
canopy. A bridle tethers the pilot chute to the main canopy.
-
toggles :
-
Loops or cylindrical handles attached to the ends of the steering
lines on a parachute canopy in order to facilitate their use;
also called "steering toggles". Toggles and lines are configured
so they can be stowed in a partially down position to enhance the
opening of the parachute.
-
track :
-
The body position or movements designed to achieve the maximum
horizontal speed in freefall. The general term for the aerial
maneuvers that skydivers use to laterally approach and depart
other jumpers. Specifically, these versatile, face-to-earth body
positions enable the skydiver to move tangentially or
peripherally, forward or sideways, by the angle of the head, the
retraction of arms or legs, or the extension of arms or legs.
These same maneuvers, when extended into aerobatic routines,
constitute the discipline of freestyle performance.
-
trim tabs :
-
A front riser pulley system for adjusting a ram-air canopy's or
airfoil's angle of incidence or flight attitude.
-
TSO :
-
Technical Standard Order (TSO-C23) is an FAA regulation,
including National Aircraft Standard (NAS), requiring parachute
manufacturers to comply with minimum performance standards and
material product specifications to ensure safety; TSO compliance
must be certified on a product display placard in order to be
legally marketed.
-
turbulence :
-
Disturbed air that can adversely affect canopy flight and
integrity. Also, the disorderly effect of irregular and
inconsistent motions. Also, the haphazard secondary motions
caused by eddies within a larger moving medium, as in the gusts
and lulls of winds aloft in the atmosphere.
-
turf surf :
-
To run with the wind in ground effect; a sustained high-speed
paraglide across and slightly above ground level, before using a
flaring hook turn to land spectacularly.
-
turn around load :
-
The quick pick-up of jumpers into a plane that does not shut-down
after landing, so as to immediately take-off for another jump
run.
-
two-handled system :
-
Refers to a parachute harness and container operating system that
uses separate handles (pud) for the canopy release and for
reserve activation; as distinguished from a Single Operation
System (SOS).
-
uppers :
-
The upper winds, or the winds at exit altitude; which are often
much stronger and occasionally from a different direction than
ground winds. Also called "winds aloft".
-
upwind :
-
The direction from which the wind is blowing; toward or against
the prevailing wind.
-
USPA :
-
The United States Parachute Association is a non-profit
skydiver's membership organization offering guidance and
assistance in training, competition, government relations,
insurance, and other appurtenances. It originated in 1957 as
"Parachute Clubs of America" (PCA), the coordinating body for
autonomous and regional sport parachute clubs (SPC), and as a
division of the National Aeronautic Association (NAA), it is the
official representative of the Federation Aeronautique
Internationale (FAI) for skydiving in the USA.
-
veer :
-
A change of direction, course, position, or attitude, as when
turning aside, or shifting into the wind.
-
waffle :
-
The vibratory effect of a canopy or airfoil during an abrupt
brake or sustained flare, in which the leading edge trembles or
flutters, and the entire surface may ripple or undulate, as the
parachute attempts to resume flight. An effect similar to luff,
but from a different cause.
-
waiver :
-
A liability release. Also, an exception to the regulations
authorized by the USPA. [nb: not to be confused with "waver": the
quaking condition of frightened neophytes!]
-
wash :
-
To flow against, around, over, or through, as when currents
affect passing crafts or vessels; also known as prop wash or jet
stream (slipstream). Also, the rough or broken current (burble)
behind a moving craft or vessel; a wake or backwash.
-
water jump :
-
A freefall or parachute jump that terminates by intentionally
landing on the surface of an "open body of water".
-
wave off :
-
After break off and prior to deployment, a skydiver should check
his surround, move away from other parachutists, and make a
clearly defined arm motion to indicate to anyone nearby that he
is about to open his parachute. A good wave off is essential to
the avoidance of deployment collisions.
-
WDI :
-
Wind Drift Indicator; being either a weighted foil or crepe paper
streamer that's thrown from the jump plane to estimate winds
under canopy and to help determine the jump spot. The military
will also use a smoke grenade as WDI, but the best indicator is a
pathfinder on the DZ.
-
weights :
-
Many light- or underweight civilian skydivers wear a weighted
vest to allow them to maintain a fast fall rate; but military
parachutists, who almost always jump with equipment, do not have
this problem.
-
wind drift indicator :
-
A device used to determine the amount and speed of wind drift
which a descending parachute will experience on a particular drop
zone (DZ) under conditions currently prevailing. The WDI is
constructed as to descend at a rate comparable to a parachutist
of average weight, or object of average payload, descending under
a fully deployed main canopy of average specifications. Usually,
the WDI is a weighted strip of foil or brightly colored crepe
paper 10 inches wide by 20 feet long, but smoke grenades are also
used.
-
wind line :
-
An imaginary line from the desired landing area, extending along
the direction the wind is blowing to the point of release, or to
the jump spot.
-
wind shear :
-
A dangerous condition in which the speed or direction of the wind
changes abruptly. Also, the rate at which wind velocity changes
from point to point in any given direction.
-
wing loading :
-
The ratio (ie: pounds per square foot) of weight borne by a wing
or airfoil to its surface area; obtained by dividing the jumper's
exit weight in pounds by the square footage of the fully opened
canopy. Excessive wing loading causes "blow-outs", which can
cause the canopy to fail as a decelerator.
-
wing suit :
-
A gliding jumpsuit designed with fabric membranes between the
legs of the jumper and from each sleeve to the torso. Derived
from jumpsuits designed with extra fabric pleated into the
sleeves and legs, thus varying the amount of drag by adjusting
the amount of fabric wing exposed when released by zippers prior
to freefall exit.
-
wing wiper :
-
Slang for aviation support staff and ground crew, as used by Navy
and Marine aviators since before WWII; also known as "penguin".
-
wuffo :
-
Skydiver slang for people who don't parachute; as derived from
the groundling's or landlubber's most prevalent question: "Wuffo
you jump outta dem planes?"! Also spelled "whuffo". This term is
considered "insensitive" by legs and other assorted landlocked
sympathizers.
-
yo-yo :
-
An elevator-effect upon a deployed canopy (and the attached
parachutist) generated by thermals and other turbulent or
inconsistent air currents, especially when soaring over ice or
fire, forest or sea, cliff or canyon.
-
zero-p :
-
Common slang for a type of fabric relatively impermeable to air;
"zero-permeability". The less air that flows through the fabric
wing of a ram-air parachute, the more efficiently it flies.
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U.S. Army Pathfinder badge
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U.S. Army Rigger badge
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U.S. Army Basic Parachutist badge
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U.S. Navy Parachutist badge
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U.S. Army Military Free Fall badge
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U.S. Army Golden Knights parachute team badge
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U.S. Army Golden Knights parachute team badge
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