-
ABLJ :
-
abbreviation for Adjustable Buoyancy LifeJacket, the old
horsecollar style.
-
absolute pressure :
-
the total pressure at any depth, which is a sum of atmospheric
pressure and hydrostatic pressure; calculated from a vacuum being
rated as the zero point.
-
absolute temperature scale :
-
temperature measured on a scale in which the hypothetical lowest
limit of physical temperatures is assigned the value of zero
(abÆsolute zeÆro), as in the kelvin and rankine scales; also
called absolute temperature or absolute scale. [nb: the degree
intervals of the kelvin scale are the same as celsius, as the
rankine are the same as fahrenheit]
-
absolute zero :
-
the hypothetical temperature at which all molecular activity and
kinetic energy ceases; computed at -273.16C or -459.69F, and
represented as 0K and 0R. [nb: the degree intervals of the kelvin
scale are the same as celsius, as the rankine are the same as
fahrenheit]
-
ABT :
-
abbreviation for Actual Bottom Time; also called bottom time.
-
accommodation ladder :
-
a portable flight of steps suspended from the side of a vessel to
give crew and/or passenger ingress and egress access from smaller
boats alongside; also known as boarding ladder.
-
actual bottom time :
-
the total amount of time a diver spends descending or at depth;
calculated to begin upon descent and ends upon starting the
ascent; also called bottom time.
-
ACUC :
-
abbreviation for American Canadian Underwater Certifications,
being Canada's scuba certification body.
-
adjusted no-decompression limit :
-
the maximum bottom time for repetitive dives, being equal to the
no-decompression limit plus residual nitrogen time.
-
adrift :
-
anything unsecured, or that has slipped its mooring or fast, as
being out of control, including items improperly stowed, or
things lost overboard.
-
aeroembolism :
-
an obstruction of the circulatory system caused by one or more
air bubbles; a condition of decompression sickness.
-
aft :
-
at or toward the back or stern of a vessel or craft.
-
AGE :
-
acronym for Arterial Gas Embolism; also called air embolism.
-
ahoy :
-
call used by seafarers to hail or alert others; derived "hoy", as
to hoist.
-
air :
-
a gas mixture present in the earth's atmosphere that's necessary
for human respiration, containing 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and
1% other gases (mainly argon) which is compressed into air tanks
for recreational scuba diving.
-
air compressor :
-
a machine that's used to transfer pressurized air into tanks for
scuba diving; the air is compressed from the atmospheric level
(14.7 psi at sea level) to the capacity of the tank, usually
between 2500-3000 psi. [nb: according to the first law of
thermodynamics, the internal energy of a gas increases when the
gas is compressed]
-
air embolism :
-
an obstruction (gas bubble, or other embolus) that has the
potential to rupture a vessel or organ as a result of the
increase in pressure when blood gases begin to expand or cease to
circulate; a characteristic injury from breath holding during the
ascent after a dive. Also called arterial gas embolism (AGE) or
venous gas embolism (VGE).
-
air pressure :
-
the weight of air, calculated by the force exerted per unit area;
measured at sea level the air pressure is 14.7 pounds per square
inch (psi), decreasing with altitude.
-
alfa :
-
the phonetic representation of the letter 'A'; which is also
represented by a maritime signal flag in the international code.
When hoisted alone, the alfa burgee warns that there is a diver
down (underwater), and other vessels should steer clear at slow
speed; when accompanied by three numeral flags, this signal also
includes the radius within which divers are working. [nb: "alfa"
denotes the phonetic letter, "alpha" denotes the first in a
series]
-
algorithm :
-
a set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps;
as the set of equations used in dive profiles and decompression
tables to compute air supply, air mixture, underwater duration,
and dive intervals.
-
alternate air source :
-
any device a diver can use in place of the primary regulator, in
order to make an ascent while still breathing normally.
-
altitude diving :
-
underwater diving while at heights above sea level, as when
quarry or cave diving in uplands; the decompression stops used
for dives at altitude are different from those used for the same
dive profile at sea level.
-
alveolus / alveoli :
-
the tiny bunched air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the
lungs where gas exchange occurs with the circulatory system.
-
ambient light :
-
the sunshine penetrating underwater, diminishing with depth and
turbidity, that's used as illumination.
-
ambient pressure :
-
the surrounding pressure; being the effective pressure from the
weight of the water and atmosphere around the diver at any
particular depth.
-
anadromous :
-
pertaining to fish that migrate from saltwater to spawn in
freshwater; as distinguished from catadromous.
-
analog :
-
a mechanism that represents data by measurement to a continuous
physical variable (eg: voltage, pressure, etc) and displayed on a
readout by a pointer or hands on a dial.
-
anchorage :
-
a seaport or harbor with secure docking facilities for a ship.
-
ANDI :
-
abbreviation for Association of Nitrox Divers International; also
American Nitrox Divers Incorporated.
-
ANDL :
-
abbreviation for Adjusted No-Decompression Limit
-
anoxia :
-
the mental and physical disturbances that result from hypoxia, a
lack of oxygen or suffocation.
-
anticoagulant :
-
an agent that inhibits coagulation, especially something that
prevents blood from clotting or congealing; the use of such
medications (including aspirin) is particularly dangerous to
divers due to the barotrauma of air-filled body cavities.
-
AOW :
-
abbreviation for Advanced Open Water, a scuba certification.
-
aquaclude :
-
an earth layer that inhibits or precludes the passage of water,
such as shale, or unfractured igneous and metamorphic rocks.
-
aqua-lung :
-
the name of the original open-circuit, self-contained, underwater
breathing equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques
Cousteau in 1942 during World War Two; consisting of a regulator
and a high pressure air cylinder that supplied the required
breathing gas at ambient pressure through a demand valve. This
system superseded the earlier attempts at constant-flow
compressed-air breathing setups. [nb: "Aqualung" and "Aqua Lung"
are registered trademarks of commercial products]
-
aquanaut :
-
a scuba diver who works for an extended period of time from and
around a submerged dwelling.
-
aquifer :
-
a geological formation of permeable rock, gravel, or sand
containing or conducting groundwater, especially one that
supplies the water for wells, springs, and the like.
-
Archimedes' principle :
-
a mechanistic theorem on relative displacement that states a body
immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight
of the displaced fluid, or a floating object displaces an amount
of water that is equal in weight to the floating object; which is
used by divers to calculate the buoyancy of an object.
-
argon :
-
a colorless, odorless, chemically inactive, monatomic, gaseous
element that makes up less than 1% of air; it is sometimes used
as a dry suit breathing gas.
-
artesian well :
-
a well in which water rises under pressure from a permeable
stratum overlaid by impermeable rock.
-
arterial gas embolism :
-
a condition in which gas bubbles enter the arterial system and
cause damage by blocking blood flow to vital organs, most
commonly the brain; which most often occurs when air passes
through the walls of capillaries and alveoli into the
bloodstream; also called "air embolism".
-
artificial respiration :
-
the stimulation of natural respiratory functions in a person
whose breathing has failed by forcing air into and out of the
lungs; to simulate, by various means, pulmonary ventilation.
-
artificial spit :
-
a commercial product that imitates the properties of a natural
product; being small bottles of specially compounded liquid
that's used by divers to keep their masks defogged.
-
ascent bottle :
-
an extra or reserve gas cylinder that has been prepositioned to
accommodate the mandatory in-water decompression stops on deep
dives; also called stage bottle.
-
ascent / descent line :
-
an anchored line, suspended from a boat or buoy, that's used to
control a diver's rate of ascent or descent, to provide
orientation in low light on deep dives, and to secure reserve gas
cylinders for decompression stops.
-
ATA :
-
abbreviation for Atmosphere Absolute.
-
athwart :
-
from side to side, across, crosswise; not aligned or
adjacent.
-
ATM :
-
abbreviation for a standard atmosphere; this established constant
is approximately equal to the typical air pressure at earth mean
sea level, and is defined as: 1 atm = 101325 Pa / 101.325 kPa, or
760 mm Hg, or 14.7 psi.
[nb: a rule of thumb used by divers states that the pressure
exerted by ten metres (33 feet, depending upon salinity) depth
of water is approximately equal to one atmosphere]
-
atmosphere absolute :
-
the ambient pressure, including the barometric pressure of the
air above the water; abbreviated ATA.
-
atmospheric pressure :
-
the amount of pressure exerted by the earth's atmosphere, being
14.7 pounds per square inch (called "one atmosphere") at sea
level; also known as "barometric pressure". [nb: atmospheric
pressure typically doubles at 33' below sea level, and is
halved at 18,000' above sea level]
-
atoll :
-
a ring-shaped coral reef, or a string of closely spaced small
coral islands, enclosing or nearly enclosing a shallow lagoon;
previously called atollon.
-
AUF :
-
abbreviation for the Australian Underwater Federation.
-
Avogadro's law :
-
the principle that equal volumes of all gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
[nb: when the temperature of a gas is absolute zero, its volume
is also zero]
-
Avogadro's number :
-
the constant (6.022 x 1023) representing the number of
atoms in a gram atom, or the number of molecules in a gram
molecule of a given substance; also called "Avogadro's constant".
-
AWARE :
-
abbreviation for Aquatic World Awareness Responsibility and
Education, being a PADI nonprofit environmental foundation.
-
A-yoke :
-
a tank valve that provides a high pressure seal between the tank
valve and the regulator first stage, and works by compressing an
O-ring between two metal seats; also known as a compressed O-ring
valve, this yoke assembly holds the seal in place.
-
back-mount :
-
an equipment configuration wherein the air tanks are attached
onto the divers back by a harness and backplate; as opposed to
side-mount.
-
backplate :
-
a mounting plate, made of aluminum, steel, or molded plastic,
through which the diving harness is threaded, and to which the
tanks and BC are mounted; the original design was by Greg
Flannigan in 1979.
-
backward roll entry :
-
a self-protective water entry method in which the fully equipped
seated diver rolls off the side or stern of the boat, allowing
the air tanks to strike the surface first, while the diver's body
is in a tuck, face mask held in place, and then continues the
roll underwater into a prone swimming position; any extra gear or
bottles ride in the diver's protected "breadbasket" for a safe
and secure entry; also called "back roll entry" or "flip-flop
entry".
-
bail-out bottle :
-
an air cylinder containing an emergency supply of breathing gas
that's used to escape from trouble with the primary air supply.
-
bank :
-
a broad seafloor elevation (eg: sandbank) around which the water
is relatively shallow, but not a hazard to surface navigation.
-
bar :
-
a centimeter-gram-second unit of pressure (term derives from
"weight") that's equal to one million dynes per square centimeter
(15 psi, 101 kPa); used by divers to represent the force exerted
upon a given area, and equivalent to the force of one atmosphere.
Also, a long ridge of sand (ie: sand bar), gravel, or other
material near or slightly above the surface of a body of water,
often an obstruction to navigation.
-
barometric pressure :
-
atmospheric pressure affected by weather, as measured by an
aneroid barometer.
-
barotrauma :
-
Injury, generally to the middle ear or paranasal sinuses,
resulting from imbalance between ambient pressure and that within
the affected cavity.
-
bathyscaphe :
-
a navigable submersible vessel, with an observation chamber in
its hull, that's used for exploring the ocean's depths; coined by
Auguste Piccard.
-
batten :
-
a thin or narrow strip of lumber attached to sailcloth to keep it
flat or taut. Also, to cover a hatch or other opening so as to
make it watertight.
-
BC :
-
abbreviation for Buoyancy Compensator.
-
BCD :
-
abbreviation for Buoyancy Control Device; enables the diver to
regulate buoyancy to control depth, and acts as a flotation
device on the surface.
-
beach :
-
an expanse of sand or pebbles along a shore, often washed by the
tide or waves. Also, to haul something or run a boat onto the
shore. Also, to cause to be unemployed or idle; as "on the
beach".
-
beachmaster :
-
the person responsible for the accountability of persons and
equipment on shore, and in charge of the on shore work party;
also spelled "beach master", and more commonly called a 'dive
marshal'.
-
beam :
-
the maximum width of a ship.
-
beaver :
-
a piece of neoprene fabric that hangs down in the back on a
wetsuit jacket and is drawn forward between the legs to attach to
the front, covering the diver's crotch; also called "beaver tail"
and "butt flap".
-
bearing :
-
a horizontal direction, expressed in degrees, east or west of the
true or magnetic north (or south) direction. Also, one's relative
position or direction, often expressed as "bearings".
-
bends :
-
common term for decompression sickness (DCS).
-
benthos :
-
the biogeographic region that includes the bottom of a lake, sea,
or ocean, and the littoral and supralittoral zones of the shore;
also known as benthic division or benthonic zone.
-
bight :
-
a looped or slack part of a rope. Also, a bend or curve in the
shoreline of a sea or river. Also, a body of water bounded by
such a bend, as a bay or gulf.
-
bilge :
-
either of the rounded areas that form the transition between the
bottom and the sides on the exterior of a hull; derived by
alteration of "bulge". Also, an enclosed area at the bottom of a
vessel where seepage collects; usually called "bilges". Also, the
seepage collected in this space; also called "bilge water". Also,
slang for foolish talk or worthless ideas; nonsense, claptrap,
malarkey, confetti, snow, blow smoke.
-
bilge keel :
-
a keellike projection along a ship's bilge to retard rolling;
also called "baby keel".
-
block :
-
a housing or part enclosing one or more freely rotating, grooved
pulleys, about which ropes or chains pass to form a hoisting or
hauling tackle; also known as "tackle block" or "block 'n'
tackle". Also, an obstruction, obstacle, hindrance, or stoppage.
-
blue hole :
-
a sinkhole in a lake or the sea which is subject to tides,
causing its flow to reverse; such sinkholes are often the
entrance to a cave.
-
blue jacket :
-
informal designation for a seaman or sailor, by reference to his
blue duffel or pea jacket.
-
blue nose :
-
a ship that has crossed the Arctic Circle (between the North
Frigid Zone and the North Temperate Zone) or Antarctic Circle
(between the South Frigid Zone and the South Temperate Zone), so
called from painting the hawsepipes blue, as being representative
of the cold; the ship's company of such a voyage may be called
"blue noses". [nb: alternatively, the "Order of the Blue Nose" is
reserved exclusively for the Arctic Circle, and the "Order of the
Red Nose" exists as an exclusive distinction for the Antarctic
Circle]
-
boatswain's chair :
-
a wooden plank or canvas seat that's hung by ropes over the side
of a ship's rail, deck, bridge, and the like for stable access
while performing construction, maintenance, or rescue work.
-
boatswain's pipe / boatswain's whistle :
-
a simple musical device used by the boatswain to make shipboard
announcements over the public address (PA) or loudspeaker system.
-
bollard :
-
a substantial post on a wharf or deck ("bitt") made of wood,
metal, or concrete that's used for mooring vessels.
-
BOLT :
-
a mnemonic acronym for the in water check performed prior to
diving: Bubbles (manifold and valve check), Out of air (S-drill),
Lights, Turn Time (Thirds).
-
bolt snap :
-
a hardware device, made of brass or stainless steel, that has a
spring-loaded thumb-gate, can be double ended or have a swivel on
one end, that's used to clip items to the diver's harness; also
known as a piston bolt.
-
boom :
-
any of various spars, beams, or poles projecting from a mast, as
used to extend a ship's sails, to handle cargo, to guide objects,
or to hold devices; also called a derrick or crane, an arm or
stick. Also, a chain, cable, or the like serving to obstruct
navigation.
-
boot :
-
a plastic footing that fits on the rounded bottom of a scuba tank
that allows it to be stood upright without support; not used in
cave diving due to being an entanglement hazard.
-
bootie :
-
a waterproof (neoprene) socklike foot covering, serving to
insulate and protect the diver's foot and ankle, that's worn
inside open-heeled flippers or fins; also spelled "bootee", and
also called "footie".
-
booty :
-
an unexplored ("virgin") cave.
-
bottle :
-
slang for the cylinder, usually steel or aluminum, of pressurized
breathing gas that's used in scuba diving.
-
bounce dive :
-
in recreational diving, a descent to a specific depth, often the
seafloor maximum, that's immediately followed by a return ascent
back to the surface with the least delay, which is represented in
a dive profile resembling a spike; also called a "yo-yo dive". In
commercial diving, the alternative to saturation diving.
-
bourdon tube :
-
a spiral or c-shaped tube that changes its shape when pressure
increases at depth; used in depth gauges to alter the position of
the denotative indicator as the tube changes shape; derived from
the drone or low-pitched tone emitted by musical instruments.
-
bow :
-
the front of a craft or vessel; designated by the color white;
also called prow or stem. Also, the abbreviation for Basic Open
Water, a scuba certification.
-
bower :
-
an anchor carried at the bow of a vessel.
-
Boyle's law :
-
the principle that the pressure of an ideal gas kept at constant
temperature varies inversely with the volume of the gas; or PV=k
(Pressure)(Volume) = (constant of proportionality); or PV=nRT.
-
braided line :
-
woven nylon line that has better abrasion resistance than twisted
line.
-
breaking strength :
-
the load that will cause a line or rope to fail.
-
breakthrough :
-
indicates the entry of carbon dioxide into the inhalation side of
the breathing loop from the absorbent canister on a Rebreather.
-
breakwater :
-
a barrier that breaks the force of incoming waves, as before a
harbor or bay. [nb: this term has been mistakenly used to mean
"where waves break" before a shore or upon shoals; which is
properly known as 'surf']
-
breathing loop :
-
the part of a rebreather system that includes the mouthpiece,
hoses, inhalation bag, exhalation bag, and absorbent canister.
-
breeches buoy :
-
a life preserver with a pants-like canvas seat for hauling a
shipwrecked or disabled person on or off a vessel; also called
"britches buoy".
-
bridge :
-
a structure spanning and providing passage over an opening or
past an obstacle. Also, the platform from which a vessel is
controlled and navigated.
-
broach :
-
to veer to windward. Also, to break the surface of water from
below, such that the rudder cannot be used to steer.
-
brow :
-
a gangplank, gangway, or passageway. Also, the edge of a steep
place or drop-off, as a brink or brim, by analogy with the brow
of the head.
-
BSAC :
-
abbreviation for British Sub-Aqua Club, a club-based organisation
that serves, since 1953, as the governing body for the sport of
scuba diving in the United Kingdom.
-
bubblehead :
-
slang for a submariner; also known as a dipper, boomer, or
dolphin.
-
buddy :
-
a diving partner, or the member of a team or group who's
designated to be a safety companion.
-
buddy breathing :
-
the sharing of the same demand valve by two or more divers,
generally after an out-of-gas emergency.
-
buddy check :
-
the inspection by one diver of another's diving equipment to
ensure that it's properly configured and functioning correctly;
this procedure is conducted before the start of the dive.
-
buddy diving :
-
underwater diving with a designated partner (not just swimming in
a group) so as to improve each diver's chance of surviving an
accident by the shared observance of safety procedures; also
called "backup" or buddy system.
-
bulkhead :
-
a reinforced wall-like partition inside ships and aircraft, often
air- or water-tight.
-
bull's-eye :
-
a small circular opening or window set into a roof, ship's deck
or overhead, to admit light.
-
bulwarks :
-
a protective wall enclosing the perimeter of a deck, especially
the main or weather deck.
-
buoy :
-
an anchored float used as a marker or as a mooring, as derived
from "boye a float", beacon [v: cresset]. Also, any of various
buoyant devices for supporting a person in the water, as a "life
buoy" or "life preserver".
-
buoyancy :
-
upward pressure exerted by the fluid in which a body is immersed;
or the amount of lift acting on a submerged object, being that
force equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object.
-
buoyancy compensator :
-
a vest, jacket, or backpack containing a distensible air bladder
that can be inflated and deflated to regulate a diver's buoyancy
underwater; also called buoyancy control device (BCD).
-
buoyancy control :
-
the ability to maintain neutral buoyancy while swimming at any of
various depths determined by the diver; problems include:
fluctuating currents, changing temperature, altered weight or
load, defective BCD bladder or valve, mis- or maladjusted BCD,
inexperience. An essential skill of practical diving technique.
-
burgee :
-
a small nautical flag or pennant that's used for identification
or as a signal; derived from a mark of the owner.
-
burst disk :
-
a safety release fixture located on the valve of a scuba tank
that prevents over-pressurization of the tank. [nb: according to
the first law of thermodynamics, the internal energy of a gas
increases when the gas is compressed]
-
BWRAF :
-
a mnemonic for "Begin With Review And Friend" that's used in PADI
training.
-
cable :
-
any strong heavy rope or cord made of twisted strands, especially
one made with metallic wire. Also, a thick hawser made of rope,
wire, or chain. Also, a strong heavy rope or cord that operates a
mechanism. Also, a unit of length equal to 720 feet on land, or
606 feet at sea.
-
CAGE :
-
abbreviation for Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism.
-
caisson :
-
a protective environment for working underwater, consisting of a
pressurized watertight chamber. Also, a watertight structure
built against a damaged hull to render it watertight; also known
as cofferdam. Also, a float for raising a sunken vessel; also
known as a camel or pontoon. Also, a boatlike structure used as a
gate for a dock or the like.
-
camel :
-
a float for lifting a deeply laden vessel sufficiently to allow
it to cross an area of shallow water; also called a pontoon.
Also, a float serving as a fender, as between a vessel and a
pier.
-
canal :
-
an artificial waterway used for navigation, irrigation, or other
application. Also, a channel or other watercourse.
-
canister light :
-
a type of dive light wherein the battery pack is strapped to the
diver's belt or harness while the light is hand held.
-
cape :
-
a piece of land jutting into some large body of water, as a point
or headland.
-
capillary :
-
one of the minute blood vessels between the terminations of the
arteries and the beginnings of the veins where the gas exchange
takes place between the bloodstream and the tissues or the air in
the lungs.
-
capsize :
-
to turn bottom up, to keel over or overturn.
-
carbon dioxide :
-
a colorless, odorless, incombustible gas that's present in the
atmosphere and formed during respiration; it's a metabolic
byproduct of oxygenation that can stimulate respiration or
depress the central nervous system.
-
carbon monoxide :
-
a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that's produced when carbon
burns with insufficient air; its toxicity derives from its
affinity for hemoglobin, which competitive bond denies oxygen
availability to tissues during inhalation.
-
careen :
-
to cause a vessel to tip, lean, list, sway, or heel over to the
side. Also, to clean or repair the hull of a vessel by laying
onto its side. Also, a headlong rush, as rash, impetuous, or
uncontrolled action.
-
castoff :
-
to let a ship go, to loose a vessel from its mooring, or to
launch a boat; also spelled "cast-off", and also known as
shove-off or simply cast, as derived from 'throw'. Also, to
turn the head of a sailing ship away from the wind, especially
when getting underway or during departure. Also, to discard,
reject, or abandon people or things, as a castaway.
-
catadromous :
-
pertaining to fish that migrate from freshwater to spawn in the
saltwater sea; as distinguished from anadromous.
-
cavitation :
-
the rapid formation and collapse of pockets of vapor in a flowing
liquid of very low pressure, often causing structural damage to
propellers, pumps, and related mechanisms. Also, the formation of
cavities, especially in some part of the human body.
-
C-card :
-
contraction of Certification card, which is a summary
representation by an authorized agency as evidence that the
bearer has completed a certain level of diver training.
-
CCR :
-
abbreviation for Fully-Closed Circuit Re-breather.
-
CDAA :
-
abbreviation for the Cave Diving Association of Australia.
-
celsius :
-
a temperature scale in which 0 represents the freeze point and
100 the boiling point; also called centigrade. [nb: the degree
intervals of the kelvin scale are the same as celsius, as the
rankine are the same as fahrenheit]
-
CESA :
-
abbreviation for Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent, which
involves exhaling while swimming toward the surface, when no
other air is available, so as to prevent lung expansion injury
from breath holding when a diver is out of air.
-
channel :
-
the bed of a stream, river, or other watercourse or waterway.
Also, the deeper part of a waterway, especially the navigable
route between two bodies of water. Also, a wide strait, as
between a continent and an island. Also, a horizontal timber or
ledge built outboard from the side of a sailing vessel that's
used to spread shrouds and backstays outward; by alteration of
"chain wale".
-
chantey :
-
a rhythmic work song, especially used by sailors; also spelled
"chanty".
-
Charles' law :
-
the principle that the volume of an enclosed gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature, or V=kT (Volume) =
(constant of proportionality)(Temperature); also known as
Gay-Lussac's Law.
Also, if pressure is constant, the volume of a gas expands by a
constant fraction as temperature increases.
-
chart :
-
a hydrographic or marine map.
-
chart datum :
-
the level of the lowest tide at a particular place, recorded with
heighths and depths of tides; abbreviated CD.
-
charter :
-
an arrangement by which all or part of a ship, or other
conveyance, is leased for a particular group, journey, or
activity. Also, the trip, journey, tour, or vacation made using
such an arrangement.
-
chock :
-
a wedge to fill-in a gap or a device to brace an object, any
support or reinforcement; also called "chock block", and derived
from "choke", as close or tight.
-
chop :
-
the short irregular motion of a turbulent wave. Also, the rough
water of a turbulent lake or sea.
-
chum :
-
an inexperienced or novice sailor, especially someone on his
first float or cruise; also called pollywog, nugget, or fresh
catch.
-
chumming :
-
slang for vomiting overboard when seasick, after the fishing
practice of dumping bait in the water to attract fish.
-
cleat :
-
a strong device, usually metal with one or more projections,
that's used to secure tie-downs, as on a pier or deck for
mooring. Also, a wedge-shaped block or strip of resistant
material fastened to a surface to serve as a check or support;
also called a chock. Also, a resistant strip fastened across a
surface, as on a ramp, to provide sure footing.
-
closed-circuit / closed-circuit system :
-
an underwater breathing system which does not release exhaled
gasses as exhaust, but filters and recycles the discharge back
into the gas supply; also called "re-breather". Closed-circuit
re-breathers generally supply two breathing gases to the loop:
one is pure oxygen and the other is a diluting gas (diluent) such
as air, nitrox, or trimix. The major task of the closed-circuit
re-breather is to control the oxygen concentration, known as the
oxygen partial pressure, in the loop and to warn the diver if it
is becoming dangerously low or high as depth changes.
-
CMAS :
-
abbreviation for Confederation Mondiale des Activitias
Subaquatiques; the World Federation of Underwater Activities,
established in 1959.
-
coaming :
-
the protective rim or raised bulwark surrounding an opening in a
bulkhead or deck that's designed to exclude water; also called a
"knee-knocker" or "shin-scraper".
-
coast :
-
the land beside the sea, as a shore, often serving as a border;
derived from "side wall". Also, to continue on acquired momentum.
-
cockpit :
-
a sunken, open space, generally in the after part of a small
boat, that provides access to the controls and instruments needed
by the crew when operating a vessel at sea.
-
cold harbor :
-
a place of refuge, typically primitive, that lacks the usual
amenities, especially fresh water and other creature comforts;
also called a cold camp.
-
collapse depth :
-
the design depth beyond which the hull structure of a submersible
is presumed to suffer catastrophic failure to the point of total
collapse; such "crush depth" is referenced to the axis of the
pressure hull, and is affected by material defect or decline, by
hull penetrations, or by other relevant factors.
-
command signal :
-
a signal from one diver that requires a response from another
diver; including: OK, Hold, and Surface. The OK hand signal is
formed by connecting the thumb and forefinger in a circle with
the other three fingers extended, or by making a circular motion
with the dive light. The Hold hand signal is a closed fist. The
Surface (turn the dive and exit) hand signal is an upward
pointing thumb with the other fingers in a fist; such termination
is also called "thumbing the dive".
-
compartment :
-
a partitioned area or space, as a cabin or hold on a vessel.
-
conning tower :
-
the housing over the main entrance to the interior of a
submarine, accommodating its periscope and antennas, and used as
an observation platform; also called the "sail" or fairwater.
-
constriction :
-
a narrow passage or small opening that's not large enough for two
divers to swim through together (ie: minor constriction); or that
requires gear removal to negotiate (ie: major constriction); also
known as a squeeze, restriction, tight, sidemount passage, no
mount.
-
coxswain :
-
the person, generally a boatswain's mate, who's in charge of
steering and/or directing the crew of a boat.
-
crab :
-
a maneuver in which a craft is headed partly into the wind to
compensate for drift. Also, a mechanical contrivance for hoisting
or pulling heavy weights, a truckle.
-
creature feature :
-
slang for a submerged corpse, typically a gruesome one beginning
to suffer the ravages of immersion and marine predation but
either insufficiently bloated to float, or one too decomposed for
gaseous accumulation, but not yet unrecognizable or skeletal.
-
crepuscular :
-
wildlife that becomes active in the dimness of twilight.
-
crush depth :
-
properly called collapse depth, being the submergence level at
which the hull or pressure hull of a vessel suffers catastrophic
failure, which is typically well below its design depth; compare
maximum operating depth and test depth.
-
cutwater :
-
the forward edge of the stem of a ship. Also, an upstream face of
a bridge pier or piling, sharp edged or sharply pointed, arranged
for resisting the effects of moving water or ice.
-
cylinder :
-
the aluminum or steel container that contains pressurized
breathing gas for underwater diving; also known as tank or
bottle.
-
Dalton's law :
-
the principle that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal
to the sum of the partial pressure of its components; or the
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the
pressures that would be exerted by each of the gases if it alone
were present and occupied the total volume.
-
dangly :
-
anything hanging from a diver’s gear that could result in silting
or an entanglement hazard, such as exposed knobs, consoles,
unsecured straps and lanyards.
-
davit :
-
any of various crane-like devices used on ships for moving
or supporting boats, anchors, and other objects.
-
Davy Jones's locker :
-
the bottom of the ocean, which serves as a graveyard and junkyard
for all that's lost at sea.
-
DBAR :
-
abbreviation for decibar, being one tenth of a bar, or
approximately a meter of depth in water.
-
DCI :
-
abbreviation for DeCompression Illness.
-
DCS :
-
abbreviation for DeCompression Sickness; also called the bends.
-
DCS I :
-
decompression sickness, a syndrome caused by bubbles of inert gas
forming in the tissues and bloodstream during or after ascent
from an underwater dive, involving only muscle and joint pain,
fatigue, and/or skin irritation (itching, rash).
-
DCS II :
-
decompression sickness, a syndrome caused by bubbles of inert gas
forming in the tissues and bloodstream during or after ascent
from an underwater dive, involving the central nervous system,
respiratory system, or circulatory system.
-
dead in the water :
-
adrift without motive, power or propulsion; also called hull.
-
dead-reckoning :
-
estimated calculation of one's present position based upon
compass readings, speed, and distance traveled from the last
known point, with allowances for drift from wind or currents;
also known as "guesstimate" or "by guess and by God".
-
debarkation net :
-
a specially prepared type of General Purpose net, cargo net, or
other similar mesh employed when scaling, as during insertion or
extraction, but especially during debarkation from or embarkation
of a transport ship.
-
deck :
-
a floor-like surface occupying all or most of one level in a
superstructure or hull.
-
deco mix :
-
a gas mixture used during decompression.
-
decompression :
-
the gradual reduction in atmospheric pressure experienced after
immersion in deep water or breathing compressed air, resulting in
the equalization of gases in body tissues once they have been
saturated with nitrogen.
-
decompression chamber :
-
a controlled environment for raising and lowering atmospheric
pressure with selective air mixtures; also called a hyperbaric
chamber.
-
decompression diving :
-
a diving practice that goes beyond the standard No-Decompression
time/depth limits in order to extend bottom time, which requires
one or more decompression stops during ascent regardless of the
type of equipment used; violation of the mandatory in-water stops
may result in decompression sickness.
-
decompression illness :
-
a diagnosis of dysbaric injuries related to underwater diving,
which stems from uncertainty about the mechanistic causation of
similar or related neurological symptoms, when the etiology or
pathophysiology cannot be determined, and is ultimately
immaterial to the treatment regimen. It has been suggested that
this diagnosis encompass all manifestations of diseases following
a reduction in ambient pressure, such as ascending from a dive.
-
decompression sickness :
-
a complex of symptoms caused by the escape of nitrogen bubbles
from solution in the fluids that were absorbed originally at
higher atmospheric pressure, as a result of the abrupt reduction
in that pressure; it is characterized by headache, pain in the
arms, legs, joints, and epigastrium, itching of the skin,
vertigo, dyspnea, coughing, choking, vomiting, weakness and
sometimes paralysis, and severe peripheral circulatory collapse.
It is also known as the bends, caisson disease, and decompression
disease.
-
decompression stop :
-
the time period that a diver must spend at a constant depth in
shallower water after diving at greater depth in order to safely
eliminate inert gases from the diver's body so as to avoid
decompression sickness.
-
decompression tables :
-
cards or booklets printed with index and conversion arrays that
allow divers to determine the decompression stops required for a
particular dive profile and breathing gas, so as to avoid
decompression sickness. Decompression tables assume that the dive
is simple and straightforward, an invariable "square dive". These
calculations also determine the requisite surface intervals
between dives. Also called dive tables or tables.
-
deep six :
-
to throw or cast overboard while at sea, as when discarding,
abandoning, or burying something in more than six fathoms of
water.
-
defogging solution :
-
a natural (spit) or commercial (artificial compound) liquid
that's used as a treatment to prevent condensation on the diver's
mask while underwater.
-
dehydration :
-
the abnormal depletion of water or other bodily fluids during
exertion ... it's an irony to be thirsty while swimming.
-
demand valve :
-
a pressure valve, generally placed in the diver's mouth, which
provides gas from the diving regulator when the diver inhales;
also called mouthpiece.
-
demersal :
-
bottom-dwelling marine life that persists at the lowest ocean
layers.
-
depth gauge :
-
a calibrated device, analog or digital, that indicates the
distance underwater from the surface (sea level) that the
measurement is being taken, as derived from the ambient pressure.
-
deviation :
-
the angle of error of a magnetic compass on a given heading as a
result of local magnetism; the declination from true north.
-
diameter indexing safety system :
-
an Intermediate pressure port where a hose attaches, leading to a
demand valve or other apparatus.
-
diaphragm :
-
the musculomembranous partition or wall of muscle and connective
tissue separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity,
with constriction of this thoraco-abdominal diaphragm being
essential for respiration.
-
diel :
-
pertaining to a 24-hour period, as when referring to the regular
daily cycle of an organism's physiology or behavior.
-
diluent :
-
a diluting substance, such as oxygen added to nitrogen.
-
DIN :
-
abbreviation for Deutsche Industrie Normen, being the German
industrial standards agency, which proliferated criteria
worldwide before ISO; later construed as 'Das Ist Norm' for "that
is (the) standard"; sometimes (mis-)represented as "Deutsches
Institut fuer Normung". The fitting that connects the first stage
of a regulator to the compressed air tank on a high pressure
scuba system is identified by this DIN standard.
-
dirt dart :
-
slang for an overloaded diver who has either improperly set his
buoyancy compensator, or whose mechanism has failed, causing him
to rapidly plunge to the seafloor immediately upon entry into the
water; such malfunction is potentially fatal.
-
DISS :
-
abbreviation for Diameter Indexing Safety System.
-
diurnal :
-
day or daytime; daily or daily cycles; as opposed to nocturnal.
-
dive computer :
-
a waterproof electronic device that measures the dive profile and
displays related safety information; as the dive computer
automatically measures actual depth and elapsed time, it performs
a continuous calculation of the partial pressure of gases in the
body based on the actual dive profile. A dive computer will
address the same problems as decompression tables, but it is also
able to warn of excessive ascent rates and missed decompression
stops, as well as report the water temperature, and the pressure
of the breathing gas remaining in the diving cylinder. A dive
computer reduces the need for the diver to carry a separate watch
and depth gauge, and relieves the diver of computations, which
may be subject to human error.
-
dive marshal :
-
the person responsible for the accountability of students and
equipment during training classes; being responsible for
recording names, checking equipment, recording water entry and
exit times. This safety and security associate functions like a
lifeguard, and is sometimes identified as a 'beachmaster'.
-
divemaster :
-
a professional qualified to oversee scuba diving operations, as
in salvage work or at a school or resort, and responsible for
procedures and safety, monitoring the whereabouts of divers
underwater or at the surface, and making rescues whenever
necessary.
-
dive profile :
-
a two dimensional graphical representation of a complete dive
showing its depth and elapsed time. This profile is often used
when describing a dive's probable decompression obligation. It's
also known as a depth/time profile, and its coordinate charting
is variously configured as square, multilevel, spike, and so
forth.
-
dive tables :
-
numerical tables used by scuba divers to determine time limits of
dives, according to depth, as well as possible decompression
delays during ascent, and the requisite surface intervals between
dives; also called decompression tables or tables.
-
diver propulsion vehicle :
-
an underwater transport for divers and equipment that's used to
extend travel by increasing their speed of movement.
-
diving bell :
-
a chamber with an open bottom in which persons can go underwater
without special apparatus, water being excluded from the upper
part by compressed air fed in by a hose.
-
diving boat :
-
a craft or other vessel used as a tender for divers or others
working under water.
-
diving reflex :
-
a physiological reflex of humans, other mammals, reptiles, and
birds, that's triggered by immersion in cold water, having the
effect of slowing the heart rate and diverting blood flow to the
brain, heart, and lungs; serving to conserve oxygen until
breathing resumes and to delay potential brain damage.
-
diving suit :
-
any of various waterproof garments for underwater swimming or
diving, especially one that is weighted, hermetically sealed, and
supplied with pressurized air.
-
dock :
-
a landing pier or wharf. Also, the space or waterway between two
piers or wharves, as for receiving a ship while in port.
Also, such a waterway, enclosed or open, together with the
surrounding piers, wharves, and other structures. Also, a dry
dock.
-
DODO :
-
acronym for Dead Object Drifting Obstacle (or "Dead Or Drifting
Object") indicating inert debris or incidental hazards to
navigation; since such flotsam is not underway, the craft or
vessel must maneuver to avoid damage.
-
dolphin :
-
any small toothed cetacean, especially one possessed of a
beaklike snout; compare porpoise. Also, a buoy, pile, or cluster
of piles used as a fender or mooring. Also, a rope or strap round
a mast to support the puddening, where the lower yards rest in
the slings.
-
Doppler ultrasound bubble detector :
-
a diagnostic device used in hyperbaric medicine to determine the
presence (by Doppler shift) of bubbles in the bloodstream that
may presage decompression sickness.
-
DPV :
-
abbreviation for Diver Propulsion Vehicle; sometimes called a
scooter.
-
draft :
-
the depth to which a vessel is immersed when bearing a given
load.
-
drift dive :
-
a dive in which the divers drift with the current, and the dive
boat follows the freely drifting divers.
-
D-ring :
-
a metal ring in the shape of a capital letter 'D' that's used on
the harness for attaching items by clipping onto them; chest
mounted D-rings are often bent outward to aid in the clipping
process.
-
drogue :
-
a bucket or canvas bag used as a vessel's "sea anchor".
-
dry dock :
-
a structure able to contain an entire ship, leaving all parts of
the hull accessible for construction or maintenance.
-
dry suit :
-
a close-fitting, double-layered, watertight synthetic garment
worn by a deep sea diver in very cold environments, usually with
thermal underwear, that's designed to protect the diver's body
from the water or pressure by circulating a warming layer of air
internally, which also serves to equalize descent pressures; also
spelled "drysuit".
-
dual regulator system :
-
a reserve regulator that's already situated in series with the
primary, so as to enable an uninterrupted air flow; the use of
two regulators on a single air supply.
-
dyne :
-
the standard centimeter-gram-second unit of force, equal to the
force that produces an acceleration of one centimeter per second
per second on a mass of one gram. [nb: 1000 dynes = 1 millibar, 1
millibar = 1/1000 bar]
-
EAD :
-
abbreviation for Equivalent Air Depth.
-
EAN :
-
abbreviation for Enriched-Air Nitrox; also represented as EANx.
-
ebb tide :
-
the reflux of tide or the outflow of falling water from the tidal
current; as opposed to flood tide.
-
embarcadero :
-
a pier or wharf, especially a waterfront section that's been
commercially developed.
-
enriched-air nitrox :
-
a nitrogen/oxygen mixture containing more than 21 percent oxygen,
usually made by mixing air and oxygen; abbreviated EAN or EANx.
-
equalization :
-
the forcing of air into an open space (eg: dive mask) or cavity
(eg: middle ear) so as to attain balance or to offset increasing
hydrostatic pressure; used to prevent a "squeeze".
-
equivalent air depth :
-
the underwater depth at which air would cause as much
decompression obligation as nitrox with a given O2 concentration.
-
erythropoiesis :
-
the making of red blood cells.
-
erythropoietin :
-
a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells and
hemoglobin in the bone marrow.
-
estuary :
-
that part of the lower course (mouth) of a river in which the
river's current meets the sea's tide. Also, an arm or inlet of
the sea at the lower end of a river.
-
eurybathic :
-
freshwater or marine life that can tolerate a wide range of
depths; as opposed to stenobathic.
-
eustachian tube :
-
a canal extending from the middle ear to the pharynx; eponymously
after Bartolommeo Eustachio, an Italian anatomist. By permitting
air to leave or enter the middle ear, this tube equalizes air
pressure on either side of the eardrum.
-
exposure suit :
-
a garment worn by divers for thermal protection. Also, a high
visibility insulated garment worn while working topside when
unprotected immersion may be life-threatening; this survival
coverall is sometimes called a "pumpkin suit" due to its color.
-
fahrenheit :
-
a temperature scale in which 32 represents the freeze point and
212 represents the boiling point. [nb: the degree intervals of
the kelvin scale are the same as celsius, as the rankine are the
same as fahrenheit]
-
fairlead :
-
a rigging guide or fitting for pulley, thimble, block, or CAPSTAN
which prevents chafing of the line.
-
fairwater :
-
a hydrodynamic structure on a ship designed to direct or deflect
the flow of water; being the modern name for the conning tower of
a submarine.
-
fairway :
-
an unobstructed passage or area, being the navigable portion of a
waterway.
-
fantail :
-
the open area near the stern of a vessel, which may have
bulwarks; also called the afterdeck.
-
fathom :
-
a nautical unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.8 m); as derived
from "span of arms" or embrace. Also, to measure depth by means
of a sounding line; to sound.
-
FAUI :
-
abbreviation for the Federation of Australian Underwater
Instructors.
-
fin :
-
a horizontal winglike appendage to the underwater portion of a
hull, often adjustable, as the planes for controlling the dive of
a submarine, or the fin keel for damping the roll of a surface
vessel. Also, slang for one of a pair of paddlelike devices,
usually made of rubber, that are worn on the feet as an aid in
swimming and underwater diving; imitative of the broad flat limbs
or the membranous organs of aquatic animals that are used for
steering and propulsion; also called flipper. Also, slang for the
human hand.
-
first stage :
-
the first phase of pressure reduction by the regulator assembly,
set to deliver intermediate air pressure from the high pressure
air cylinder to the second stage of the regulator.
-
flagship :
-
the primary or principal vessel of a group or line; typically the
best or most important one, as the headquarters ship or boat with
the superior crew.
-
flipper :
-
slang for one of a pair of paddlelike devices, usually made of
rubber, that are worn on the feet as an aid in swimming and scuba
diving; imitative of the broad flat limbs or the membranous
organs of aquatic animals that are used for steering and
propulsion; also called fin. Also, slang for the human hand.
-
float :
-
slang for a tour aboard ship at sea; being a cruise out from port
and back. Also, a group of ships operating together in the same
area.
-
floater :
-
slang for a corpse that's risen by bloat to the surface; once
gases pass off (usually by venting during predation), the corpse
again sinks to the seafloor.
-
floe :
-
a sheet of floating ice, or a detached portion thereof, chiefly
on the surface of the sea that's smaller than an ice field; also
called ice floe, as derived from "layer".
-
flood tide :
-
the inflow of rising water from the tidal current; as opposed to
ebb tide.
-
flotsam :
-
wreckage or refuse found floating on water; as derived from
"float".
-
flying bridge :
-
a small open deck, situated above the main cabin or pilothouse of
a vessel, having duplicate bridge controls.
-
forecastle :
-
the part of the weather deck forward of the foremast, and which
may have bulwarks. Also, a superstructure at or immediately aft
of the bow or prow of a vessel, that's used as a shelter for
stores and machinery, or as quarters for sailors.
-
forward roll entry :
-
a self-protective water entry method in which the fully equipped
standing diver bends forward into a body tuck from a pier, deck,
or other platform, with face mask held in place, allowing the air
tank to strike the surface first, and then continues the roll
underwater into a prone swimming position; any extra gear or
bottles ride in the diver's protected "breadbasket" for a safe
and secure entry.
-
founder :
-
the wrecking or sinking of a vessel.
-
freeboard :
-
the portion of the side of a vessel's hull that's above the
water; in particular, the distance between the uppermost fully
watertight deck and the demarcated official load-line.
-
free diving :
-
underwater diving without supplemental air or breathing
equipment; also called breath-hold diving.
-
frogman :
-
nickname for a scuba diver, especially one on a military mission.
-
FSW :
-
abbreviation for foot/feet of sea water.
-
fully-closed circuit re-breather :
-
an intact cycle of breathing gases that produces no discharge of
bubbles and enables long duration dives, as used by recreational
and military divers, especially photographers. Re-breathers using
a fully closed-circuit generally supplies two breathing gases to
the loop: pure oxygen and a diluent (eg: air, nitrox, or trimix),
and controls the oxygen partial pressure concentrated at any
underwater depth. In fully automatic closed-circuit systems, a
metering mechanism injects oxygen into the loop when it detects
that the oxygen concentration has fallen below the required
level. Alternatively, the diver may be able to manually control
the mixture by adding diluent gas or oxygen, but this is a risky
adjustment that can produce dangerous results with only small
volumes added.
-
gangway :
-
a narrow walkway or passageway. Also, an opening in the railing
or bulwark of a vessel for use as a passageway. Also, a temporary
bridge at the opening in the railing or bulwark of a vessel; also
known as a brow or gangplank.
-
gasoline alley :
-
an aisle, corridor, passageway, or gangway connecting the
bulkheads of several fuel storage and engine compartments in the
bowels of a ship.
-
giant stride entry :
-
the most common water entry method in which the fully equipped
standing diver takes a long step from a pier, deck, or other
platform into the water, with chin tucked and mask securely held,
and then immediately closes legs together in a scissor-kick as
soon as the water surface has been broken, to stay shallow and
remain upright for a quick check of equipment before making a
controlled descent; also called "spread-eagle" jump and
"lifesaving" leap. Any extra gear and bottles are either held in
the hands or are lowered separately on ropes.
-
gig :
-
a small lightweight boat propelled by long oars, as a scull or
dinghy.
-
giggles 'n' bangs :
-
slang for the hull noise, from creaks and groans to thumps and
pops, induced by the effects of high pressure at greater depths
on submerged vessels.
-
glory hole :
-
the quarters on a ship that are occupied by the stewards or
stokers. Also, a small storeroom within the hull of a ship,
usually at the stern; also called "lazaretto". Also, an enclosed
space or locker for stowing loose gear. Also, a place for
concealing valuables, a cache hideaway or treasure trove.
-
goat locker :
-
the Chief Petty Officer's quarters aboard a submarine; derived
from the space where a milch goat was kept aboard sailing ships.
-
goggles :
-
large spectacles furnished with special lenses and reinforced
rims for the protection of the eyes from injury.
-
GPS :
-
abbreviation for Global Positioning System, being a satellite
based method of triangulation used during navigation.
-
gradient :
-
the rate of change with respect to distance of a variable
quantity, as temperature or pressure, in the direction of maximum
change; used as a vector of angle during ascent or descend.
-
granny line :
-
a line which goes from the stern platform or transom to the
anchor line; also called "gerry line".
-
groundwater :
-
water in a below ground aquifer that flows from high to low areas
except when a pressure gradient causes the water to move against
gravity, at a speed related to the magnitude of the pressure
gradient and the permeability of the aquifer. Groundwater
intersects surface water through springs, streams, rivers, lakes,
swamps, and other features.
-
growler :
-
a small iceberg.
-
groyne / groin :
-
a small jetty extending from a shore to prevent beach erosion.
-
guideline :
-
an emplaced rope or cord that serves to direct someone's passage
over unfamiliar terrain.
-
gunwale :
-
the upper edge of the side or bulwark of a vessel; also
represented as "gunnel". Also, the sheer strake of a wooden
vessel; the uppermost strake beneath the plank-sheer.
-
Haldanian :
-
a relative theory by John Scott Haldane that nitrogen is taken up
and given off in exponential fashion during a dive, and that
there is some safe ratio of pressure change for ascent.
-
half-time :
-
the time required for body tissue to absorb or release half of
the total gas required to reach equilibrium with the surrounding
gas pressure.
-
halocline :
-
a well-defined vertical salinity gradient in ocean or other
saline water; a visible boundary, like a barrier of mist, between
layers of water of different salinities.
-
halyard :
-
any of various lines or tackles for hoisting a flag,
sail, spar, or other object into position.
-
handy :
-
term of approbation for capable seamen or skillful sailors who
are dexterous and adroit, deft and nimble; not lubberly. Also, a
craft or vessel that is easily maneuvered, responsive to
controls.
-
hang :
-
a diver remaining stationary at a particular depth or location
for a specific time, especially when performing a staged
decompression.
-
hang tank :
-
an extra air tank of breathing gas that's staged at the
decompression stop.
-
harbor :
-
a natural or artificial part of a body of water, situated along
the shore or coast, that's deep enough to anchor a ship and
provide protection against winds, waves, and currents; often
having docks or other port facilities. Also, any place of shelter
or refuge, such as a cold harbor.
-
hard-and-fast :
-
a ship run aground. Also, something unalterable.
-
hard hat :
-
the helmet used with a dry suit during underwater construction
and salvage diving; the two-part helmet (bonnet and corselet)
includes viewing ports and connectors for air and communication
lines.
-
hard suit :
-
slang for the Atmospheric Diving Suit, being an articulated
self-contained hard-shell protective body covering for deep
underwater explorations (2000' max 6hrs).
-
harness :
-
an arrangement of webbing straps with quick release buckles
that's worn by a diver for attaching the buoyancy compensator,
tanks, and any peripheral apparatus or gear.
-
hatch :
-
an opening in the DECK of a vessel used as a passageway, or the
cover over such an opening; also called a "hatchway" (not a
"watertight door" in a BULKHEAD).
-
hawsepipe :
-
an iron or steel pipe situated in the stem or bow of a vessel
through which an anchor cable passes.
-
hawser :
-
a heavy cable used for mooring or towing [nb: this line is never
called a rope].
-
heading :
-
the course or direction of travel for a person, party, or vessel.
Also, the angle between the axis of a vessel and some reference
line.
-
headway :
-
forward movement, advancement, or progress. Also, the interval of
time or distance, relative to the situation or circumstances,
between two vessels traveling in the same direction over the
same route. [cf: forereach]
-
heave :
-
to lift or hoist. Also, to forceably throw something, especially
a weighted line (eg: heaving line). Also, to pull or haul on a
rope, line, cable, or the like. Also, the rise and fall of the
waves or swell of a sea. Also, the vertical rise and fall of a
craft or vessel. Also, to halt or stop the advance of a craft or
vessel ("heave to") by causing it to lose headway. Also, to move
in a certain direction or into a certain position or situation,
as "the ship hove into sight". Also, to vomit, retch,
regurgitate, throw-up, upchuck, barf, toss cookies, ralph,
disgorge, nausea, mal de mer, or puke.
-
heave-ho :
-
an exclamatory call or chant used by sailors when hauling or
working, especially used to signal that the anchor's aweigh.
-
heaving line :
-
a light or thin cord or rope, with its trailing end weighted by a
knot, that's used to toss overboard to a swimmer or small boat,
or to a wharf or mole, or between vessels for transferring larger
cables; also known as a "throw line".
-
heliair :
-
a blended breathing gas consisting of a mixture of oxygen,
nitrogen, and helium, that's often used during the deep phase of
dives using Technical diving techniques. The helium and air blend
has a 21:79 ratio of oxygen and nitrogen.
-
heliox :
-
a blended breathing gas consisting of a mixture of oxygen and
helium, that is often used during the deep phase of dives using
technical diving techniques. Since sound travels faster in heliox
than in air, voice formants are raised, making divers' speech
incomprehensible to people not accustomed to it. Being more
expensive, its use is often limited to commercial dives.
-
helium :
-
an inert, colorless, odorless, tasteless chemical element, which
exists, except in extreme conditions, only as a gas. It is not
toxic and has no known biological effect. It is the second most
abundant element in the universe, with its boiling and melting
points among the lowest of the elements; significant amounts are
found on earth only in natural gas. Helium is used in cryogenics,
in deep-sea breathing systems, for inflating balloons, and as a
protective gas for many purposes.
-
Henry's law :
-
the principle that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid
is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the
liquid, provided that no chemical reaction takes place between
the liquid and the gas; or the amount of gas that will dissolve
in a liquid at a given temperature is almost directly
proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
-
hoise :
-
to hoist, haul, or rouse, to pull together, as derived from
"hissa" and "huzzah" work chants.
-
hoist :
-
any lifting apparatus, such as tackle or boom; derived from
hoise.
-
hold :
-
the cargo space in the hull of a vessel, especially between the
lowermost deck and the bottom. Also, any individual compartment
or bay of a larger cargo space that's closed by bulkheads and has
its own hatch or hatchway; as a variant derived from "hole".
-
hook :
-
slang for an anchor of any style, also called "killick", as used
as a retainer or brake.
-
hookah :
-
surface-supplied compressed air apparatus that's used by several
divers in series during shallow dives in calm waters; the air is
delivered to the divers through a long hose.
-
horsecollar :
-
slang for the old style floatation device worn around the neck,
known as the adjustable buoyancy lifejacket (ABLJ), replaced by
the buoyancy compensator (BC).
-
HP hose :
-
the high pressure hose that connects the first stage of the
regulator to the air pressure gauge.
-
HSAI :
-
abbreviation for Handicapped Scuba Association International.
-
hull :
-
the outermost and lowermost hollow portion of a ship or other
vessel that floats partially submerged while supporting its
infrastructure and superstructure; the "shell" or "skin" of a
BOAT or amphibious craft enabling it to float. Also, to drift, as
a ship or other craft, without power or propulsion; also called
"dead in the water".
-
H-valve :
-
a tank valve with two outlets.
-
HWL :
-
abbreviation for high water level.
-
hydrogen :
-
a colorless, odorless, flammable gas, being the lightest and most
abundant of the elements; It has been proposed as a substitute
for helium in deep commercial and military diving.
-
hydrophone :
-
a device for detecting sounds transmitted through water, as for
detecting or locating marine life or other objects moving
underwater.
-
hydrostatic pressure :
-
fluid force exerted on the body's equilibrium, such as the amount
of pressure from the weight of water above a submerged diver.
-
hydrostatic test :
-
the required annual examination of pressurization tanks that are
filled with water instead of air.
-
hyperbaric chamber :
-
a steel vessel in which atmospheric pressure can be raised or
lowered by air compressors, used to treat aeroembolism, and to
provide a selective air mixture environment for certain medical
procedures; also called a decompression chamber.
-
hypercapnia :
-
the presence of an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the
blood. A result of shallow skip breathing or excessive
hyperventilation in free diving, as well as Deep Diving on
compressed air. Hypercapnia will let nitrogen narcosis increase
as well as making it more likely that oxygen toxicity will occur;
heat loss can be increased, Heart rate and rhythm altered, and
decompression illness will be more likely to occur.
-
hypothermia :
-
a subnormal body temperature; a drop in the body's core
temperature as a result of exposure to cold.
-
hypoxemia :
-
the inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
-
hypoxia :
-
an abnormal bodily condition in which oxygen intake is
insufficient or utilization is inadequate; often exhibited as
unconsciousness.
-
IAHD :
-
abbreviation for the International Association of Handicapped
Divers.
-
IAND :
-
abbreviation for International Association of Nitrox Divers.
-
IANTD :
-
abbreviation for the International Association of Nitrox and
Technical Divers.
-
iceberg :
-
a large mass of ice, detached from a glacier, and floating out to
sea.
-
inert :
-
having little or no ability to act, react, or interact; having no
inherent power of motion or resistance.
-
intercostal :
-
between the ribs; the muscles between the ribs which contract
during inspiration to increase the volume of the chest cavity.
-
ischemia :
-
a local deficiency of blood supply that's produced by obstacles
to the arterial flow, by vasoconstriction, or by other
inadequacies of a part or organ.
-
ISO :
-
abbreviation for the International Standardization Organization.
-
isthmus :
-
a narrow strip of land, bordered on both sides by water,
connecting two larger bodies of land; also called a neck or
strait.
-
Jacob's ladder :
-
a flexible ladder consisting of rope, cable, or chain side-rails
and fixed wooden or aluminum rungs, as used on vessels and
aircraft; also called a "pilot ladder" or "jack ladder", "caving
ladder" or "scaling ladder", as derived from the Biblical dream
of a ladder ascending from earth to heaven. Also, a webbing or
rope ladder deployed for insertions and/or extractions of people
employing transport vessels or aircraft instead of debarkation
nets or rappel lines.
-
jetsam :
-
goods or supplies that are deliberately cast overboard from a
vessel so as to lighten or stabilize it in an emergency, as
derived from "jettison"; such cargo typically sink where
castaway, but may be later washed ashore.
-
jetty :
-
a pier or structure of stones, piles, or the like, projecting
into a body of water to protect a harbor, deflect the current, or
other stabilization. Also, a wharf or landing pier. Also, the
piles or wooden structure protecting a pier.
-
jibe :
-
to alter course so that a fore-and-aft sail, or its boom, shifts
from one side to the other when running before the wind.
-
jolly boat :
-
a light boat carried at the stern of a sailing vessel.
-
Jonline :
-
a length of line typically used to attach to an anchor line to
provide spacing for decompressing divers at the same stop depth.
-
J-valve :
-
a spring-loaded mechanism which shuts off a diver's air supply
when reduced to a certain tank pressure, as was formerly used to
trigger the switch to the reserve air supply, and compel the
diver's ascent.
-
keel :
-
a central fore-and-aft structural member in the bottom of a
ship's hull, extending from the stem to the sternpost.
-
kelvin :
-
the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units
(SI) which is defined to be 1/273.1 of the triple point of water.
[nb: the degree intervals of the kelvin scale are the same as
celsius, as the rankine are the same as fahrenheit]
-
knee-knocker :
-
slang for the protective rim or bulwark surrounding an opening in
a bulkhead or deck, designed to exclude water; this coaming is
also called a "shin-scraper".
-
knot :
-
a constrictive interlacement for fastening. Also, a unit of speed
equal to one NAUTICAL MILE (or about 1.15 statute miles) per
hour. Also, a unit of measure, being either one NAUTICAL MILE, or
a line marked 47'3" (13.79m) long.
-
K-valve :
-
a simple on/off valve.
-
ladderwell :
-
the staircase, usually skeletonized, whether fitted with rungs or
steps, with or without handrails ("ladderrail"), running between
decks on-board ships.
-
lagan :
-
goods that are deliberately thrown or sunk in the sea but are
attached to a buoy so that they may be recovered, being a form of
jetsam; as derived from a net laid in the sea.
-
laryngospasm :
-
severe constriction of the larynx in response to the introduction
of water or noxious stimuli; commonly called choking.
-
lay line :
-
term used by cave divers to designate the initial exploration
line in a booty ("virgin") cave system.
-
lead :
-
an open channel through a field of floating ice.
-
leeway :
-
the drift of an vessel from its course or heading due to
crosswinds or currents [cf: leeward, windward]. Also, a margin
of space, time, or materials, being an extra or surplus; a degree
or element of freedom, of latitude.
-
lifeboat :
-
an accessory craft, also called a dinghy or tender, required to
be available on any aircraft or vessel operating on or over
water, usually stocked with a limited supply of medical equipment
and survival provisions, so as to enable passengers and crew to
be rescued from sinking.
-
lifeline :
-
a line or rope available for saving life, as one attached to a
lifeboat, or a heave line cast from a vessel. Also, any of
various lines running above the decks, between spars or other
structures of a ship or boat, giving sailors something to guide
or grab when in danger of falling overboard or washing away.
Also, the line by which an underwater diver is lowered and
raised. Also, any of several anchored lines used by swimmers for
support.
-
lift bag :
-
a type of underwater balloon or specialized buoyancy compensator
that can be attached to a submerged object, inflated with air,
and brought to the surface without great exertion; available in
either small or large capacity, and may be joined in series for
heavier loads.
-
lighter :
-
a large, open, flat-bottomed vessel used to transport cargo from
ship to wharf, often towed or pushed; a sailless junk or barge
used to ferry passengers, especially when reserved for pageants.
-
list :
-
to lean to one side, or to cause to incline toward one side, as a
ship or other vessel; sway or careen.
-
littoral :
-
pertaining to the shore of a lake, sea, or ocean.
-
logbook :
-
a record of a diver's history that catalogues, at a minimum, the
date, location, depth, duration, type, gear, and sequential
total; many diver's include transport, party, weather, and any
observations or incidents.
-
LP hose :
-
the low pressure hose that connects the first stage of the
regulator to the second stage or inflator.
-
LPM :
-
abbreviation for liters per minute; a measurement of the flow
rate of a liquid or gas.
-
luff :
-
to set the helm so as to bring the head of a ship closer or
directly into the wind, with sails shaking. Also, to raise or
lower the outer end of the boom of a crane or derrick, moving its
load horizontally.
-
LWL :
-
abbreviation for low water level.
-
mainstay :
-
anything that serves as chief part or primary support; including
an essential person, such as the "anchorman" or "right-hand man".
Specific naval use as the stay that secures the mainmast forward.
-
manifold :
-
a connection that enables a single regulator to access the
breathing gas in both pressure tanks.
-
manometer :
-
an instrument for measuring the pressure of a fluid, consisting
of a liquid filled tube, the level of which indicates the fluid
pressure in decibars (dbar) or bars on a calibrated scale.
Pressure is commonly measured by its ability to displace a column
of liquid in a tube, which is often expressed in a measure of
that liquid (eg: inches of mercury). [nb: a rule of thumb used by
divers states that the pressure exerted by ten metres depth of
water is approximately equal to one atmosphere]
-
marline :
-
light cordage of two-fiber strands, laid up left-handed; also
spelled 'marlin'.
-
Martini's Law :
-
an approximation for a relative comparative scale of competence
and coordination, wherein each 50 feet of depth breathing air
underwater is the equivalent of one martini consumed on an empty
stomach; a condition most noticeable at depths of 100 fsw and
below.
-
mask :
-
a protective cover consisting of a skirted transparent window
(ie: plexiglas) constructed to provide air space between the eyes
and the exterior water, permitting both eyes to see in the same
plane, and usually made of neoprene, silicone, or another
synthetic rubber. A regular diving mask covers only the eyes and
nose, while a full face mask encloses the entire face.
-
mask squeeze :
-
an uncomfortable or painful condition created when the air inside
the dive mask is compressed by the external pressure, causing a
suction on the face and eyes that swells delicate tissues, which
can cause permanent eye damage if not equalized; this imbalance
can be alleviated by exhaling through the nose.
-
maximum operating depth :
-
the lowest safe depth at which a submarine or other submersible
is not to exceed during normal operations; this "never exceed
depth" is a determination made by naval authority in
consideration of design and manufacturing limits, and has been
specified as half (Europe) or two-thirds (USN) of the test depth.
-
mediastinum :
-
the area in the chest that lies between the lungs, is bounded by
the sternum, the spinal column, and the diaphragm, and contains
the heart, esophagus, trachea, and other thoracic structures;
term derives from "a low ranking slave".
-
metabolism :
-
the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by
which its substance is produced, maintained and destroyed, and by
which energy is made available. [cf: anabolism, catabolism]
-
meters of seawater :
-
a unit of pressure, which varies slightly with temperature and
salinity, but a practical convention accepts that each meter of
seawater imposes a pressure of 0.1 bar (DBAR), or that each meter
is equivalent to 0.1 atmosphere (0.1013 bar); abbreviated msw.
-
MHW :
-
abbreviation for mean high water.
-
minisub :
-
a small submarine, holding only one or a few persons, as used in
naval special operations, underwater explorations, or when
conducting underwater experiments; a contraction of miniature
submarine, and also called "midget sub".
-
mixed gas :
-
any breathing medium that is blended with oxygen and other gases,
having either a single inert gas (eg: heliox, nitrox) or multiple
inert gases (ie: trimix).
-
MLW :
-
abbreviation for mean low water.
-
mole :
-
a breakwater, groyne / groin, or jetty used to form or protect an
anchorage or harbor, to reinforce or protect a pier, wharf, or
quay.
-
monkey fist :
-
a casting knot (often a figure-8 on a bight) added to the
trailing-end of a rope or line to lend weight and direction for
throwing.
-
moor :
-
to secure a ship, boat, or other vessel in a particular place by
lines, cables, or anchors.
-
mossback :
-
an old fashioned sailor, as from a canny fish or wise turtle,
especially a traditionalist, conservative, or reactionary; also
called a sea dog, old salt, or shellback.
-
mouthpiece :
-
the demand valve receptacle, held in the diver's mouth, at the
terminus of the regulator assembly of a scuba apparatus; a
similar device (without pressure stage) terminates a snorkel.
-
MSW :
-
abbreviation for metres of seawater.
-
multiday :
-
a dive series with a surface interval of more than 24 hours
between consecutive dives; dives that require a substantial delay
so extending the time on station; juxtaposed to single-day.
-
multilevel dive :
-
a dive profile that extends over more than one depth, expending
time at each, before finally returning to the surface; juxtaposed
to square dive.
-
NACD :
-
abbreviation of the National Association for Cave Diving; also
represented as NA4CD.
-
NASDS :
-
abbreviation for National Association of Scuba Diving Schools,
which merged with Scuba Schools International (SSI) in 1999.
-
narrows :
-
a narrow part of a strait, river, channel, ocean current, or
other body of constricted water.
-
NAUI :
-
abbreviation for National Association of Underwater Instructors.
-
nautical mile :
-
officially known as the "International Nautical Mile", being a
unit of distance at sea or in the air equal to 1.852 kilometers.
Also, a unit of distance, formerly used in the U.S. for
navigation, equal to 6080.20 feet (1853.25 m), or the length of a
minute of latitude at the latitude in question (decreasing toward
the poles); abbreviated NM.
-
NDL :
-
abbreviation for No-Decompression Limit.
-
neck :
-
a strait or channel; narrows. Also, a narrow strip of land, as an
isthmus or a cape.
-
neritic :
-
pertaining to the region of water lying directly above the
sublittoral zone of the sea bottom; also called neritic zone.
-
newton :
-
the base unit of force in the International System of Units (SI)
which is equal to the force that produces an acceleration of one
meter per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.
-
nitrogen :
-
a colorless, odorless, inert gaseous element that constitutes
about 78% of the volume of the atmosphere and is present in
combined form in organic tissues; it's used by divers in varying
concentrations as part of the breathing gas mixture, with
specific side-effects (eg: nitrogen narcosis, decompression
sickness).
-
nitrogen narcosis :
-
a stupor or euphoria, also called "rapture of the deep", that's
induced in deep-sea divers when nitrogen from air enters the
blood at higher than atmospheric pressure.
-
nitrox :
-
a gas mixture of nitrogen-oxygen with an oxygen content other
than 21%, with "oxygen-enriched air" and "enriched-air nitrox"
rated greater than 21%, that's used to extend the
no-decompression limit; the most common nitrox mixtures are NOAA
Nitrox I at 32% oxygen and NOAA Nitrox II at 36% oxygen.
-
NOAA :
-
abbreviation for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, in the U.S. Department of Commerce; which is
responsible for describing the earth's environment and predicting
changes in conserved or managed resources.
-
nocturnal :
-
night, nighttime, or nightly; as opposed to diurnal.
-
no-decompression :
-
a dive that does not require any staged stops during the return
ascent to the surface; a dive profile scheduled by the use of
tables or computer.
-
no-decompression limit :
-
a mathematical representation, plotted in minutes, of the
theoretical amount of nitrogen that body tissues can absorb
without substantial risk of decompression sickness.
-
NSS-CDS :
-
abbreviation for the National Speleological Society – Cave
Diving Section.
-
octopus :
-
a backup or secondary regulator, usually attached to the same
first stage as the primary regulator, and especially used by open
water (OW) divers.
-
OEA :
-
abbreviation for Oxygen Enriched Air, which designation is often
synonymous with nitrox.
-
off-gas :
-
to eliminate inert gases (such as nitrogen) from the diver's body
so as to avoid decompression sickness.
-
old salt :
-
slang for an experienced sailor or master mariner; also called a
sea dog, shellback, mossback.
-
on-gassing :
-
the absorption of nitrogen into various tissues that takes place
as the partial pressure of nitrogen increases with depth.
-
on the beach :
-
someone who is not engaged in seafaring or not involved in marine
activities; being unemployed or without a ship; being withdrawn
or idle; being inactive or retired.
-
OOA :
-
abbreviation for Out Of Air; the emergency situation when a diver
has no breathing gas; also called "out-of-gas".
-
open water :
-
a designation, by various certifying authorities, of the primary
level of scuba training; abbreviated OW. Also, a diving
environment without obstacles or obstructions between the diver
and the surface.
-
o-ring :
-
a small replaceable gasket, made of rubber or some other
waterproof synthetic (eg: neoprene), that's used to close or seal
watertight fittings.
-
orlop :
-
the lowest deck above the space at the bottom of the hull of a
ship; also called orlop deck.
-
overhead :
-
a ceiling-like covering of the exposed support members
for the above compartment in a vessel. Also, an obstruction to a
direct ascent to the open water at the surface.
-
overhead dive :
-
underwater diving in wrecks or caves, or elsewhere without
unobstructed open water to the surface.
-
OW :
-
abbreviation for Open Water.
-
oxygen :
-
a colorless, odorless, inert gaseous element that constitutes
about 21% of the volume of the atmosphere and is present in
combined form in organic tissues; it's used by divers in varying
concentrations as part of the breathing gas mixture, with
specific side-effects (eg: hypoxia, oxygen toxicity).
-
oxygen re-breather :
-
the oldest type of re-breather, as once commonly used by navies,
supplying only pure oxygen, which is toxic when inhaled under
pressure, thus limiting its use to a depth of 20-30 feet (under 1
ATM). In some re-breathers, the oxygen cylinder has two first
stages in parallel, one is constant flow and the other is a plain
on-off valve called a "bypass"; both feed into the same exit
pipe, which feeds the breathing bag. Some simple oxygen
re-breathers had no constant-flow valve, but only the bypass, and
the diver had to operate the valve at intervals to refill the
breathing bag as the oxygen was used. Oxygen re-breathers are
sometimes used when decompressing from a deep open-circuit dive,
because breathing pure oxygen makes the nitrogen diffuse out of
the blood more quickly.
-
oxygen partial pressure :
-
the concentration of oxygen in an air mixture, especially when
combined in a dilute re-breathing or closed-circuit loop.
-
oxygen toxicity :
-
an abnormal bodily condition in which an increased concentrations
of oxygen intake has over-exposed body tissues, which can result
in convulsions or unconsciousness, leading to death by drowning;
being a characteristic risk of breathing mixed gases under
pressure.
-
pack ice :
-
a large area of floating marine ice whose pieces are driven
together by wind and current; also called ice pack.
-
PADI :
-
abbreviation for Professional Association of Diving Instructors;
being the world's largest diver training and recreational diving
membership organization.
-
partial pressure :
-
the pressure exerted by any component gas in a mixture of gases,
such as oxygen in air.
-
pascal :
-
the base unit of pressure in the International System of Units
(SI) which is equal to one newton per square meter; abbreviated
Pa.
-
pea jacket :
-
a blue, double-breasted, coarse woolen jacket worn by seamen or
sailors; also called peacoat.
-
pelagic :
-
pertaining to the open seas or oceans; also called pelagic zone.
-
pennant :
-
a long tapering flag or burgee, as used for signaling or
identification.
-
pier :
-
a structure built on posts extending from land out over water
that's used as a landing place for ships and other activities.
Also, a square pillar used for support, as of bridge spans.
-
pilothouse :
-
an enclosed structure on the deck of a ship from which it can be
navigated; also known as wheelhouse.
-
pitch :
-
the up or down nosing of a ship about its transverse axis. Also,
longetudinal oscillation or linear plunge, as a ship's
alternating bow and stern rocking. Also, the distance that a
given propeller would advance in one revolution.
-
pitch-pole :
-
a vessel capsizing lengthwise, due to waves cresting higher than
the keel length.
-
plank :
-
a timber, thicker than a board, used on the deck or strake of
boats and ships; also used as a brow or gangway (ie: gangplank).
-
plank owner :
-
a sailor who's been aboard since the vessel was commissioned into
service; also called "plank holder". Also extended to persons who
formed an initial party or the original group on an extended
venture, project or voyage.
-
plankton :
-
the aggregate of passively drifting, or somewhat motile,
organisms occurring in a body of water, primarily comprising
microscopic algae and protozoa. [v: phytoplankton, zooplankton]
-
pleura :
-
one of a pair of serous membranes, each of which covers the
outside of a lung, and folds back to line the corresponding
inside of the chest wall and diaphragm.
-
plimsoll mark :
-
a contrasting line or band painted on the exterior hull of a
merchant ship indicating its load level or depth level from
cargo; also known as Plimsoll line, load-line mark, load-line, or
waterline.
-
pollywog :
-
an inexperienced or novice sailor, especially someone on his
first float or cruise; also called chum, nugget, or fresh catch.
-
pony bottle :
-
common term for a secondary gas cylinder carried by divers as a
redundant air source; having their own first and second stages,
these tanks can be used as an alternate air source.
-
poop deck :
-
a weather deck on the superstructure at the stern of a
vessel, and which may have bulwarks.
-
porpoise :
-
any of certain toothed cetaceans having a blunt or rounded snout;
derived from sea hog or hog fish; compare dolphin. Also, to leap
clear of the water, as when a speeding boat hits a wave and
leaves the surface.
-
port :
-
the left-hand side of a vessel or craft when facing forward, and
designated by the color red; formerly known as larboard
(larborde) or loadboard for the "loading side" set against the
wharf. Also, a place with docking facilities for ships to load or
unload passengers or cargo, as a "port of entry" or "port of
call". Also, an exterior opening or aperture on a craft or vessel
for various uses, including portal and porthole.
-
portage :
-
to carry a boat and supplies overland from one navigable waterway
to another. Also, the route over which such a carry is done.
-
porthole :
-
a small, round, window-like opening, usually covered with a
hinged watertight glass closure, set into the side of a vessel
for admitting air and light.
-
ppO2 meter / ppO2 meter :
-
an oxygen-sensitive electro-galvanic fuel cell that automatically
monitors and measures the concentration of oxygen in the
breathing gas loop of fully closed-circuit re-breather systems so
as to detect and adjust the partial pressure mixture.
-
pressure :
-
the exertion of force upon a surface by a substance (eg: object,
fluid, gas, etc) in contact with it; such a force per unit area
is measured by pascal (Pa), newton, pounds per square inch (PSI),
pound-force per square inch absolute (PSIA), pound-force per
square inch gauge (PSIG), bar, decibar (dbar), millibar (mb), or
dyne.
-
pressure hull :
-
the inner, pressure-resistant hull of a submarine or other
submersible; the crush depth of a submersible is affected as much
by the buoyancy of a submersible as by the physical resistance of
its pressure hull.
-
pressure ridge :
-
a fracture wall produced by the compression of grinding and
colliding ice floes.
-
pressure suit :
-
an airtight protective suit that can be inflated to maintain
approximately normal atmospheric pressure on a person in an
aberrant or anomalous environment; also called pressurized suit.
-
prow :
-
the forepart of a craft or vessel, designated by the color white;
also called bow or stem.
-
PSI :
-
abbreviation for Pounds per Square Inch, a measure that's used to
describe the force of pressure acting on a given area; 1 psi
approximately equals 6.895 kPa.
-
PSIA :
-
abbreviation for Pounds-force per Square Inch Absolute, which is
the gauge rating plus sea level atmospheric pressure.
-
PSID :
-
abbreviation for PSI Difference, which refers to a measurement of
the difference between two pressures.
-
PSIG :
-
abbreviation for Pounds-force per Square Inch Gauge.
-
PSISG :
-
abbreviation for PSI Sealed Gauge, which measures the difference
in pounds per square inch between a chamber of air sealed at
atmospheric pressure and the pressure at the measuring point.
-
PSIVG :
-
abbreviation for PSI Vented Gauge, which measures the difference
between the measuring point and the local pressure.
-
pulpit :
-
on smaller ships and other watercraft, a safety rail rising from
the deck near the bow, and extending around it.
-
purge valve :
-
an actuator that will clear or empty a device by replacement upon
demand, as to vent a regulator of water with a burst of air by
manually depressing a plunger.
-
quarterdeck :
-
that part of a vessel's weather deck running from midship to the
stern or poop deck, and which may have bulwarks.
-
quay :
-
a landing place constructed along the edge of a body of water,
typically built of solid masonry.
-
rankine :
-
an absolute temperature scale with a degree interval equal to
fahrenheit. [nb: the degree intervals of the kelvin scale are the
same as celsius, as the rankine are the same as fahrenheit]
-
rapid ascent :
-
a too swift or uncontrolled ascent toward the surface, being
faster than the currently recommended rate of 60 feet (18m) per
minute, which may be caused by overinflation, poor buoyancy
control, being underweight, or panicked.
-
rapture of the deep :
-
phrase coined by Jacques Y. Cousteau for nitrogen narcosis.
-
RBT :
-
abbreviation for Residual Bottom Time.
-
re-breather :
-
an underwater breathing system which does not release exhaled
gasses as exhaust, but filters and recycles the discharge back
into the gas supply; also called "closed-circuit system".
-
recompression :
-
a repressurization treatment for air embolism or decompression
sickness, where an individual is re-introduced to a controlled
high pressure environment, as in a decompression chamber, and
gradually returned to normal pressure.
-
redundancy :
-
the provision of a duplicate system or of superfluous equipment
as a backup, so as to reasonably prevent failure or harm (eg:
double inflator, stage bottle, extra light, etc).
-
reef :
-
a ridge of rocks or sand, often of coral debris, at or near the
surface of the water. Also, part of a sail that is ("shortened")
rolled and tied down to reduce the area exposed to the wind.
-
regulator :
-
a scuba diving device that lowers the level of pressurized air,
typically to that at sea level (1 ATM); a reduction valve that
controls the flow of breathing gas from the reservoir to the
mouthpiece.
-
repeat dive :
-
any dive whose profile is affected by a previous dive; also
called repetitive dive, and typically involves a surface interval
delay.
-
residual bottom time :
-
additional time to be spent on the bottom when calculating the no
decompression limits for a successive dive in a repetitive dive
sequence; abbreviated RBT.
-
residual nitrogen time :
-
the hypothetical amount of nitrogen absorbed in body tissues
after a dive, which is represented by minutes added to the
no-decompression limit for a repetitive dive; RNT is an off-gas
dive table calculation.
-
respiration :
-
the act of breathing or respiring; the inspiratory and expiratory
processes; being the inhalation and exhalation of air in the
oxidation of organic compounds occurring within tissues and
cells, producing energy for cellular processes, and the
byproducts of carbon dioxide and water. An exchange of gases
between a living organism and its environment.
-
respiratory arrest :
-
the cessation of breathing; apnea.
-
respiratory system :
-
the organs and tissues involved in drawing oxygen into the body
and removing carbon dioxide; in mammals, includes the nasal
cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and the diaphragm.
-
reverse block :
-
when the internal pressure of an air space is greater than the
external pressure.
-
reverse squeeze :
-
the effect of pressure during ascent on enclosed spaces that
contain air (eg: dive mask, dry suit) or body cavities (eg:
sinuses, middle ear), which discomfort or pain can be relieved by
equalization.
-
RIB :
-
abbreviation for Rigid Inflatable Boat, or Rigid-hull Inflatable
Boat; also called a "squidgie".
-
RNT :
-
abbreviation for Residual Nitrogen Time.
-
roll :
-
axial plunge, swaying or rocking, as of a ship's alternating side
to side, port to starboard movement.
-
roller :
-
a long, unbroken, swelling wave that advances slowly.
-
ROV :
-
abbreviation for Remotely Operated Vehicle.
-
SAA :
-
abbreviation for the Sub-Aqua Association.
-
safety stop :
-
a specific period of time spent at a particular depth to assist
in nitrogen off-gassing during a dive ascent; a safety stop,
which is not mandatory by definition, should still be performed
even within no decompression limits.
-
sailor :
-
a seaman or seafarer; also called swabby, squid, gob, anchor
clanker, or old salt.
-
salinity :
-
the degree or proportion of a saline solution, including mineral
and chemical salts.
-
sally ship :
-
to cause a vessel to list alternately from side to side by
shifting crewmembers or a party of passengers back and forth
across its main deck so as to free a grounded hull, enabling a
stranded vessel to withdraw.
-
salty :
-
to be sharp, witty, or piquant. Also, to be vulgar or
coarse. Also, to be ship shape or squared away. Also, to be
experienced or knowledgeable, be "handy as an old salt".
-
salty dog :
-
any item lost or destroyed during operations at sea.
-
sand bar :
-
a mass of sand formed in a river or sea by the action of tides or
currents, often an obstruction to navigation.
-
saturation :
-
the complete uniting, by solution or combination, of one
substance with another; to impregnate or imbue thoroughly; the
degree to which a gas is dissolved in the blood or tissues.
-
saturation diving :
-
diving performed after the body is fully saturated with nitrogen,
which is a much longer time period underwater than is permitted
in recreational diving tables.
-
scooter :
-
slang for a Diver Propulsion Vehicle (DPV).
-
scow :
-
any flat-bottomed vessel with a rectangular hull and sloping
ends, such as a barge, sailboat, rowboat, johnboat, dory, punt,
gondola, dinghy, or skiff; as derived from "ferryboat".
-
SCR :
-
abbreviation for Semi-Closed Circuit Re-breather.
-
SCUBA :
-
acronym for Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus; a
portable breathing device for free-swimming divers. An
experimental underwater breathing system was first employed by
Dr. Freminet in 1772. In 1825, a helmeted "diving dress" with a
self-contained air tank was introduced by William James. The
"aqua-lung" was invented (1943) during WWII by Jacques Y.
Cousteau.
-
scuttle :
-
a small hatch or port, or its hatchway cover, located in the top,
sides, or bottom of a vessel. Also, to deliberately sink
something, or to intentionally ruin or destroy something.
-
SDI :
-
abbreviation for SCUBA Diving International, being a
qualification agency created in 1999 by Technical Diving
International (TDI).
-
sea anchor :
-
any of various devices, such as a drogue, that are dropped
overboard at the end of a cable so as to hold the bow of a vessel
into the wind.
-
seacock :
-
a valve in the hull of a ship for admitting seawater into some
internal chamber, as for ballast.
-
sea daddy :
-
slang for a sailor's mentor or sponsor.
-
seafloor :
-
the solid surface underlying a body of water; also called seabed.
-
sea level :
-
the surface of the sea at a mean horizontal plane between high
and low tides.
-
seaman :
-
a sailor or seafarer; also called swabby, squid, gob, anchor
clanker, or old salt.
-
seamount :
-
an undersea mountain rising prominently above the seafloor but
having its summit well below the surface of the water.
-
seaport :
-
a port, harbor, or anchorage that accommodates seagoing vessels.
-
seashore :
-
land along the sea between the ordinary high-water and low-water
marks; shore.
-
second stage :
-
the second phase of pressure reduction by the regulator assembly,
set to deliver low air pressure from the medium pressure of the
first stage of the regulator to the breathable air at the
mouthpiece.
-
semi-closed circuit re-breather :
-
a re-breather that continuously vents a small amount of excess
gas from the system while the breathing gas is injected at a
constant rate to the diver. Semi-closed circuit equipment
generally supplies only one breathing gas (eg: air, nitrox, or
trimix) that has a maximum operating depth that is safe for the
depth of the scheduled dive. The oxygen mixture must be carefully
chosen to avoid toxicity or hypoxia as the work rate of the dive
changes. Semi-closed circuit equipment, which is fairly simple
and inexpensive, provides good underwater duration for military
and recreational divers.
-
shallows :
-
the shallow part of a body of water; shoal.
-
sheer :
-
to swerve or deviate from a course, as a divergence. Also, in
shipbuilding, the fore-and-aft upward curve of the hull of a
vessel at the main deck or bulwarks. Also, the position in which
a ship at anchor is placed to keep it clear of the anchor. Also,
any very steep perpendicular or vertical extension; precipitous.
-
sheet :
-
a thin line, cord, or wire used in reeving tackle and the rigging
of sails [nb: like a hawser, it is never called a rope]. Also, a
sail on a boat or ship.
-
shellback :
-
an experienced sailor, especially someone who has crossed the
equator and undergone the arcane rites of Neptune; also called a
sea dog, old salt, or mossback.
-
shipmate :
-
a companion or comrade who serve together on the same vessel;
often extended in camaraderie to any seaman or sailor in the
"brotherhood of the sea".
-
ship's complement :
-
persons permanently assigned to a ship, its permanent party or
staff, as distinguished from those temporarily on-board for
transport or a cruise; often misspelled "ship's compliment".
-
shipshape :
-
everything in proper order, trim and tidy; also called snug or
salty.
-
shiver :
-
to shake, quiver, quaver, or tremble with chill ("the shivers"),
being an involuntary physiological response of muscular
contractions that are intended to increase the lowered body
temperature with activity. Also, the shaking of sails on a vessel
headed too close to the wind.
-
shoal :
-
a place where the depth of water is shallow, especially where the
seafloor (eg: sandbank, sand bar) is visible at low tide. Also, a
large number of things, as a school of fish or throng of people.
-
shore :
-
the land along the edge of a sea, lake, or river, including a
beach, tideland, or shoal; especially a 'seashore', being that
ground between the ordinary high-water and low-water marks. Also,
a supporting post or beam, a prop or strut, especially one braced
against the side of a building or a ship in drydock.
-
shot :
-
a unit of measure for anchor chain equal to 15 fathoms (90 feet,
27m). Also, an obsolete unit of measure equal to a league (3
nautical miles or 4.8km); as derived from 1.5 Roman miles, which
seems to be the origin of the conventional claim for a three-mile
limit of territorial waters extending offshore.
-
shove-off :
-
to launch (as in "launch the boat") or to execute (as
in carry-on), sometimes expressed as castoff. Also, slang for
leave / depart or go away / get away / get out.
-
showboat :
-
anyone or anything that stands-out; anything done more
for attention than for practicality or function, as a show-off or
razzle-dazzle. Formerly a flamboyantly theatrical steamboat.
-
SI :
-
abbreviation for Surface Interval. Also, the abbreviation for the
International System of [physical] Units, which includes meter
(length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric
current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), and
candela (luminous intensity).
-
side-mount :
-
an equipment configuration wherein the air tanks are attached to
the side of the diver, between the arms and torso, which
arrangement is used for low bedding plane passages with very
little vertical clearance, a situation where the back-mount
configuration is problematic.
-
signal flag :
-
a small cloth panel, distinctively colored and patterned, used to
post messages or notices on a ship's superstructure; also called
burgee or pennant.
-
silt-out :
-
a complete loss of visibility caused by the turbidity of
disturbed silt, typically from careless finning.
-
single-day :
-
a dive series with a surface interval of less than 24 hours
between consecutive dives; a single day of diving, regardless of
the number of dives completed in that period; juxtaposed to
multiday.
-
sinkhole :
-
a hole formed in soluble rock by the action of water, which
serves to conduct surface water to an underground passage.
-
skimmer :
-
slang for a surface sailor; someone who makes his living at sea
level.
-
skin :
-
informal term for a thin exposure suit, typically made of spandex
or other polyurethane fabric, that's used in warm water diving;
also called "skin suit".
-
skin diving :
-
free-breathing and free-swimming underwater diving, often
performed with only a face mask and flippers, without a
protective suit or supplemental air; elapsed time and depth are
determined by breath-hold duration.
-
slack water :
-
water that is free of currents, especially a body of water that's
between tides. Also, the time period when water is between tidal
currents.
-
SLAM :
-
abbreviation for Scuba Lifesaving and Accident Management, a YMCA
diver rescue course.
-
SMB :
-
abbreviation for Surface Marker Buoy.
-
smuggler's trap :
-
a compartment or well aboard ship, usually concealed, that's used
to hide transported contraband, from munitions to medicines,
including persons, so as to avoid confiscation or taxation; being
a temporary stash, hidey-hole, or hideaway, wherein 'trap'
derives from "suitcase" and not "contrivance".
-
snorkel :
-
a J- or S-shaped tube through which a swimmer can breathe while
moving at or near the surface of a body of water; often used
while skin diving.
-
snuba :
-
a portmanteau word, joining SNorkel and scUBA, that's used to
designate an introductory experience of underwater swimming with
close supervision that doesn't involve training or certification.
The swimmer, who is tethered to a dive certified guide, uses the
regular mask, fins, and weight belt, but the mouthpiece is
connected to a long hose that feeds air from a series of tanks or
a compressor on the surface. This tandem dive experience, with
the least amount of paraphernalia, introduces the novice to the
underwater world without intimidation. A raft with outboard
handles is often used as the dive platform to increase the
swimmer's confidence. This method is a popular initiation for
tourists visiting the tropics, and is usually restricted to
protected areas, where wind, current, and waves are negligible.
These escorted dives are usually brief and are limited to depths
no greater than 20 feet.
-
snug :
-
a trim, tidy, or compactly arranged ship or its parts; shipshape.
Also, a compact and confined harbor or anchorage.
-
solo diving :
-
the practice of diving underwater without a partner, which
activity is not recommended and is not permitted on charter
boats; at a minimum, the availability of an alternate air source
is recommended.
-
spar :
-
a stout pole, such as a mast, yard, boom, gaff, or the like.
-
SPG :
-
abbreviation for Submersible Pressure Gauge.
-
spicule :
-
one of the small, hard, calcareous or siliceous bodies that serve
as the skeletal elements of various marine and freshwater
invertebrates; also known as sclerite. Large spicules, visible to
the naked eye, are referred to as megascleres, while smaller
microscopic ones are termed microscleres.
-
splash :
-
slang for an underwater dive.
-
split fins :
-
a set of flippers or fins that work like an underwater propeller.
-
square dive :
-
a dive profile wherein the diver descends immediately to full
depth, then remains at that level for the duration until
resurfacing. This profile is approximately rectilinear when
plotted in a coordinate system, where one axis is depth and the
other is duration. A square dive is juxtaposed by a multilevel
dive.
-
squat :
-
the tendency of a motorcraft or vessel to draw more water astern
when in motion forward than when stationary or halted. Also, a
thing of little or no value, as naught or nothing, rush or zilch,
cipher or nullity, zip or zero. Also, the minimum amount or
degree, as the least bit.
-
squeeze :
-
the effect of pressure during descent on enclosed spaces that
contain air (eg: dive mask, dry suit) or body cavities (eg:
sinuses, middle ear), which discomfort or pain can be relieved by
equalization. Also, the experience of a diver going through a
narrow passage, small opening, or constriction.
-
squid :
-
slang for a seaman or sailor; also called swabby or gob.
-
SSI :
-
abbreviation for Scuba Schools International, which merged with
the National Association of Scuba Diving Schools (NASDS) in 1999.
-
stage bottle :
-
the secondary scuba cylinder that is used to carry different gas
mixtures for consumption during various phases of decompression,
as used by technical divers; a tank used to carry extra breathing
gas; also called "sling bottle".
-
staged decompression :
-
regular timed stops at particular depths during ascent to allow
for nitrogen off-gassing.
-
starboard :
-
the right-hand side of a vessel craft when facing forward, and
designated by the color green; formerly known as steerboard for
the "steering side".
-
stem :
-
an upright at the forward part of a vessel into which the side
timbers or plates are jointed, designated by the color white;
also called bow or prow.
-
stenobathic :
-
freshwater or marine life that can tolerate limited changes in
depth; as opposed to eurybathic.
-
stern :
-
the back or rear of a craft or vessel; designated by the color
black.
-
strait :
-
a narrow passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
Also, an isthmus or neck. Also, a position of difficulty,
distress, or need.
-
strake :
-
a continuous course of hull planks or plates on a ship.
-
strobe :
-
a high-intensity light with a variable frequency flash, as used
in signaling and photography.
-
submarine :
-
a vessel that can be submerged and navigated under water; also
known as sub, guppy, pig boat, boomer, sewer pipe, clockwork
mouse.
-
submergence recovery vehicle :
-
an air-transportable deep-sea submarine; abbreviated SRV.
-
submersible :
-
a boat or other vessel that's capable of submerging and operating
under water, such as a submarine. Also, a device designed for
underwater work or exploration, such as a bathyscaphe.
-
submersible pressure gauge :
-
a meter, either analog or digital, that monitors and displays the
amount of air pressure in the scuba cylinder; a required item of
scuba gear.
-
suicide clip :
-
a hardware device with a spring-loaded angular gate, which can
inadvertently engage and attach a diver to an underwater object,
or can accidently disengage from a guideline or other connection;
also called "boat clip" or "marine snap link".
-
super saturation :
-
an unstable situation where the pressure of a gas dissolved in
the blood or tissues is higher than the ambient pressure of that
gas.
-
surf :
-
the swell of the sea that breaks in a foamy mass or line upon a
sloping shore or upon shoals. Also, to float or swim on the crest
of a wave toward shore.
-
surface interval :
-
a period of time spent on the surface between dives, especially a
delay between repeat dives; abbreviated SI.
-
surface marker buoy :
-
a float denoting a dive site, to which an ascent line may be
attached, and may be used as a safety device to warn when divers
are swimming underwater; abbreviated SMB.
-
surface supplied compressed air diving :
-
underwater diving with the breathing air continuously supplied by
an air hose from a compressor on the surface, which can be used
for both professional and sport diving.
-
surfactant :
-
an active substance produced in the lungs to reduce surface
tension in alveoli and small airways, and that coats the lungs to
prevent their collapse.
-
swabby :
-
slang for a seaman or sailor; also called squid or gob.
-
swell :
-
a long and unbroken wave, or a series of such "rollers".
-
swimsuit :
-
a garment worn for swimming or for recreational activities in and
around water; also called swimming suit or bathing suit.
-
tables :
-
decompression tables; also called dive tables.
-
tackle :
-
any specialized apparatus, equipment, or gear, including
rigging. Also, a leverage system of pulleys.
-
tadpole :
-
nickname for a frogman trainee.
-
taffrail :
-
the upper part of the stern of a ship. Also, a safety rail above
the stern of a ship.
-
tank :
-
slang for the steel or aluminum cylinder of pressurized breathing
gas that's used in scuba diving; also called "bottle".
-
TBT :
-
abbreviation for Total Bottom Time.
-
TDI :
-
abbreviation for Technical Diving International.
-
TDT :
-
abbreviation for Total Dive Time.
-
technical dive :
-
an underwater dive deeper than 130 feet using a breathing gas
other than compressed air, and requiring at least one
decompression stop during ascent. This category also encompasses
overhead dives, and the use of special training or equipment.
-
tekkie :
-
a technical and gadget oriented diver ... the more the better! A
tekkie dive profile always uses exotic gas mixtures, and a tekkie
BCD has at least 6 D-rings attached! A tekkie dive maximizes
complexity and difficulty! A tekkie aspires to be the most
authoritative expert ... on everything! Term also spelled techie.
-
test depth :
-
the rated maximum safe depth to which a submarine or other
submersible is tested by actual or simulated submergence, as
based upon design and manufacturing limits.
-
thermocline :
-
an underwater layer of boundary water that differs in temperature
and salinity from those bordering it above and below.
-
thirds :
-
the practice of dividing the volume of air (in cubic feet or psi)
into thirds: with one third for the penetration, one third for
the exit, and one third for emergency use; also called the "rule
of thirds".
-
thorax :
-
the part of the mammalian trunk between the neck and the abdomen,
containing the heart and lungs in a bony cage of ribs, sternum,
and vertebrae, and separated from the lower trunk by the
diaphragm; also known as the chest.
-
thumbing the dive :
-
a command signal used to terminate the dive and direct other
divers to exit to the surface; this hand signal consists of an
upward pointing thumb with fingers closed into a fist.
-
tide :
-
the periodic rise and fall of the waters of the ocean and its
inlets, produced by the attraction of the moon and sun, and
occurring about every 12-hours. Also, the inflow, outflow, or
current of water at any given place resulting from the waves of
tides. Also, a flood tide, being the inflow of rising water.
Also, betide; to happen or befall.
-
tidal range :
-
the difference in height between the highest (hwl) and lowest
(lwl) water levels occurring about every 12-hours.
-
tidal wave :
-
common reference to a large, destructive ocean wave that was
produced by a seaquake, hurricane, or other cataclysm. Also,
either of the two great wavelike swellings of the ocean surface
that move around the earth on opposite sides and give rise to
tides, as caused by the attraction of the moon and sun.
-
toe rail :
-
the raised lip at the edge of a weather deck that's designed to
prevent feet from slipping or sliding overboard.
-
topside :
-
on deck, or on the outer-surface of the hull above the waterline,
often refers only to the main deck; also known as "topsides".
-
total bottom time :
-
the amount of time that a diver spends underwater, being the sum
of actual bottom time and residual nitrogen time.
-
touch signal :
-
contact communications used in a low visibility environment;
including: Go (by a push), Stop (by a pull), Back Up (by several
rapid pulls), Turn (by taps on side to move), Exit (by taps on
head).
-
trachea :
-
the tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi, which
serves as the principal passageway for air to and from the lungs;
this airway is also called the windpipe.
-
transom :
-
a flat termination at the stern of a ship above the water line;
or any of the transverse beams attached to the sternpost of a
ship that strengthen the stern.
-
travel gas :
-
the breathing mixture used for descent and ascent.
-
trawl :
-
a recovery line trailing from a moving craft or vessel, which
enables divers or swimmers to be extracted from a body of water
by attaching themselves onto the line w
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